与芬兰农业变化有关的草地中植物种类丰富度和生境连通度的降低

20世纪中,欧洲半天然草地严重减少,物种多样性降低,这与社会-经济因素密切相关.农业生产的发展驱动着土地利用的变化,从而控制着景观维持生物多样性的能力.本研究中,我们把农业生产变化和景观破碎化、物种多样性联系在一起.结果表明,半天然草地的停止放牧引起了景观结构的显著变化,并使维管束植物种的数目降低.放牧草场数量的下降主要是受与农业政策措施有关的农场水平的经济效果和收益率的影响.自1995年芬兰加入欧盟以来,由于对半天然草地经营有了扶持政策,我们研究地区中放牧斑块的面积又一次增加了.     

Extensive tree health monitoring networks are useful in revealing the impacts of widespread biotic damage in boreal forests

We surveyed the regional distribution of conifer defoliation in Finland with an extensive monitoring network during 1995–2006 (EU Forest Focus Level I). The average defoliation in the whole Finland was 10.3% in pine and 19.9% in spruce. The sharp changes were often related to abiotic and biotic factors. The mean age of the stand explained more than one half of the between-plot variance in defoliation. In a variance component analysis, the main effect of years was negligible, while most of the random variation was due to plot main effect and plot × year interaction. About one fifth of the defoliation could be attributed to abiotic or biotic damage, and there were strong local correlations, e.g., between the changes in defoliation and degree of pine sawfly (Diprionidae) damage. There were clear temporal and spatial patterns in the incidence of the most important causes [Scots pine: Scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina), pine shoot beetles (Tomicus sp.), and pine sawflies (Diprion pini, Neodiprion sertifer); Norway spruce: rust fungi (primarily Chrysomyxa ledi)]. Our results suggest that extensive monitoring networks can reveal useful information about the widespread outbreaks of pest organisms (insects and fungi) already in their increase phases, giving some time for management decisions. In a changing climate, large-scale, regular monitoring of tree health, including abiotic and biotic causes, is more important than ever before.     

芬兰北部流域内林业、农业及沉积对氮输出综合作用的模拟

本文运用了以遥感为基础的土地利用和森林分类,研究了大流域氮输出-存留空间模型N_EXRET.根据经验研究,估算了用以描述农业、林业和泥炭产量(收获)所起作用的输出系数.通过一小块集水试验区内详细记录的数据,求得林业活动典型系数.讨论了将该模型应用于奥鲁(Oulujoki)河流域(22840km2)的模拟效果.将氮通量预估模型与该流域不同地点测得的氮能量值进行了比较.根据资源配比,农业占总输出的17%,变动范围为8%(最高的亚流域)约38%(最低的近海亚流域).林业约占16%,不同亚流域间变化较小(11%～24%).在各亚流域中,所得到的氮输出总额中有7%～37%存留下来.根据质量平衡和敏感度分析,估计湖泊存留为5～10kg/hm2·a,泥炭地为0～1kg/hm2·a.从三条邻近的河流流域中取得的试验数据证实了模型结论.但是,对那些土地利用和沉积格局与北部流域明显不同的流域,还需进一步研究.     

The effects of acidic irrigation on soil microorganisms at Kevo, Northern Finland

Effects of simulated acid rain (a mixture of H(2)SO(4) and HNO(3); pH(3)) on soil microbiology were studied in a field experiment in northern Finland. Irrigated control plots received the same amount of spring water (pH 6) as the acid treated plots. Fungal lengths and total bacterial numbers were studied after the treatments had continued for three growing seasons. The numbers of bacteria in five physiological groups (those utilizing starch, protein, pectin, xylan, or cellulose) were measured by MPN (most probable number) techniques. The lengths of total and FDA active fungal hyphae were not significantly different between the acid treated and the control plots. The counts of total bacteria were not significantly different between treatments, but the MPNs of all five physiological groups of bacteria were approximately 60% lower in the acid treated plots than in the controls.     

The effect of simulated acid rain on the biochemical composition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

The effects of prolonged simulated acid rain on the biochemistry of Scots pine needles were studied in Finnish Lapland. Pine trees were exposed by spraying the foliage and soil with either clean water or simulated acid rain (SAR; both sulphuric and nitric acids) over the period 1985-1991. The concentrations of carbohydrates (starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose) in one-year-old pine needles were not affected by SAR-treatments. The SAR-treatments did not have significant effects on protein bound amino acids, which was true also for most of the free amino acids. However, the citrulline concentration was over three-fold greater in the foliage of pines exposed to SAR of pH 3 compared to irrigated controls. The concentrations of total phenolics, individual low molecular weight phenolics and soluble proanthocyanidins were not affected by the treatments, but insoluble proanthocyanidins had increased in acid-treated trees. Some of the studied biochemical compounds showed significant differences between two sub-areas (similar treatments) only 120 m apart.     

用槐叶苹象甲对塞内加尔河水面的槐叶苹进行有效生物控制

1999年,在毛里塔尼亚和塞内加尔的塞内加尔三角洲下部,槐叶苹(Salvinia moesta)的侵入对当地居民的社会经济状况以及湿地生物多样性构成严重的威胁.分别于2000年5月在塞内加尔和毛里塔尼亚及2001年4月在塞内加尔的河面引进槐叶苹象甲(Cyteobagous salviniae),最终实现了对槐叶苹的有效生物控制.2001年10月,象甲起到的作用已非常明显.植物的颜色由绿色变为深褐色或黑色,槐叶苹最终沉入水底.2001年11～12月对槐叶苹象甲扩散的监控证实了生物控制结果的真实性.至2002年4月已有结论,塞内加尔河畔槐叶苹不再成为问题.     

A procedure for generating synthetic weather records in conjunction of climatic scenario for modelling of ecological impacts of changing climate in boreal conditions

A simulation procedure for the calculation of temperature, cloudiness, radiation, precipitation, air humidity, windiness and atmospheric carbon is presented. The procedure generates the hourly or daily values of the weather factors based on long-term weather statistics. The basic factor behind the weather pattern indicated by different weather factors is air temperature, which modifies the cloudiness produced by a stochastic process in other respects. Consequently, the radiation and precipitation coming onto a site and the air humidity are also modified by temperature. This facilitates the future weather patterns to be calculated on the basis of the temperature increase allowing to introduce the effect of the suggested climatic change also into the other weather factors, assuming that the basic variability of the weather factors remains unchanged. The future windiness is calculated as random process without correlation to other weather factors.     

Prior residency as a key determinant of social dominance in the willow tit (Parus montanus)

Summary We studied how age, body size and prior residency affected social dominance in the willow tit (Parus montanus) groups. The contribution of each variable was experimentally tested in unisexual two-bird trials, in which the birds were matched for all variables except the one studied. Large birds were dominant over smaller ones (Fig. 1). The effect of body size was more prominent in males than in females. Age had no influence on dominance. Residents became dominant more often than newcomers (Fig. 2). Adulthood or larger body size did not override the advantage of prior residency (Fig. 2). Therefore, the proximate reason for the age-dependent dominance seen in natural willow tit flocks is most likely the prior residency advantage of the adults. Factors connected with fighting ability (body size and age) seem to be less important than the time of establishment of rank, which may reflect the importance of resource value differences between residents and newcomers in this context. The advantage of residency might make it advantageous to be a member of a flock even as a subordinate, rather than being solitary.