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101.
Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Emilio Chuvieco Inmaculada Aguado Héctor Nieto M. Pilar Martín Lara Vilar Susana Martín Juan de la Riva Francisco Rodríguez Miguel A. Herrera 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(1):46-58
Forest fires play a critical role in landscape transformation, vegetation succession, soil degradation and air quality. Improvements in fire risk estimation are vital to reduce the negative impacts of fire, either by lessen burn severity or intensity through fuel management, or by aiding the natural vegetation recovery using post-fire treatments. This paper presents the methods to generate the input variables and the risk integration developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire risk for several regions of Spain. After defining the conceptual scheme for fire risk assessment, the paper describes the methods used to generate the risk parameters, and presents proposals for their integration into synthetic risk indices. The generation of the input variables was based on an extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing technologies, since the project was intended to provide a spatial and temporal assessment of risk conditions. All variables were mapped at 1 km2 spatial resolution, and were integrated into a web-mapping service system. This service was active in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational testing of end-users. The paper also presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of different danger components and fire occurrence in the different study regions. 相似文献
102.
In Patagonia, Argentina, watching dolphins, especially dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), is a new tourist activity. Feeding time decreases and time to return to feeding after feeding is abandoned and time it takes a group of dolphins to feed increase in the presence of boats. Such effects on feeding behavior may exert energetic costs on dolphins and thus reduce an individual's survival and reproductive capacity or maybe associated with shifts in distribution. We sought to predict which behavioral changes modify the activity pattern of dolphins the most. We modeled behavioral sequences of dusky dolphins with Markov chains. We calculated transition probabilities from one activity to another and arranged them in a stochastic matrix model. The proportion of time dolphins dedicated to a given activity (activity budget) and the time it took a dolphin to resume that activity after it had been abandoned (recurrence time) were calculated. We used a sensitivity analysis of Markov chains to calculate the sensitivity of the time budget and the activity-resumption time to changes in behavioral transition probabilities. Feeding-time budget was most sensitive to changes in the probability of dolphins switching from traveling to feeding behavior and of maintaining feeding behavior. Thus, an increase in these probabilities would be associated with the largest reduction in the time dedicated to feeding. A reduction in the probability of changing from traveling to feeding would also be associated with the largest increases in the time it takes dolphins to resume feeding. To approach dolphins when they are traveling would not affect behavior less because presence of the boat may keep dolphins from returning to feeding. Our results may help operators of dolphin-watching vessels minimize negative effects on dolphins. 相似文献
103.
García Herrero S Mariscal Saldaña MA Manzanedo del Campo MA Ritzel DO 《Journal of Safety Research》2002,33(1):1-20
This editorial reviews the evolution of the concepts of safety and quality that have been used in the traditional workplace. The traditional programs of safety are explored showing strengths and weaknesses. The concept of quality management is also viewed. Safety management and quality management principles, stages, and measurement are highlighted. The concepts of quality and safety guarantee are assessed. Total Quality Management concepts are reviewed and applied to safety quality. Total safety management principles are discussed. Finally, an analysis of the relationship between quality and safety from data collected from a company in Spain is presented. 相似文献
104.
S. I. Solomon E. Basso C. Osorio H. Melo de Moraes A. Serrano 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(2):209-217
ABSTRACT: The construction of the Tucurui Hydroelectric Plant on the Tocantins River basin in Brazil requires flood forecasting for ensuring the safety of the cofferdam. The latter has been initially designed for a flood with a return frequency of one in 25 years. Lack of adequate forecasting facilities during the earlier stages of construction has resulted in significant damages and construction delays. Statistical forecasting models were developed by Projeto de Hidrologiay Climatologie da Amazonia (PHCA) for the purpose of preventing further damages at the site. These models are currently in use and are the subject of this paper. The application of these models during the 1980 flood season, when the highest flood on record occurred at the Tucurui site, proved of great assistance in preventing the flooding of the cofferdam. In conjunction with the development of these models a number of data collection platforms using data transmission through the GOES system were installed to provide automatically the data required for forecasting. 相似文献
105.
106.
Santini A Passarini F Vassura I Serrano D Dufour J Morselli L 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(5):852-858
Directive 2000/53/EC sets a goal of 85% material recycling from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) by the end of 2015. The current ELV recycling rate is around 80%, while the remaining waste is called automotive shredder residue (ASR), or car fluff. In Europe, this is mainly landfilled because it is extremely heterogeneous and often polluted with car fluids. Despite technical difficulties, in the coming years it will be necessary to recover materials from car fluff in order to meet the ELV Directive requirement. This study deals with ASR pretreatment and pyrolysis, and aims to determine whether the ELV material recycling target may be achieved by car fluff mechanical separation followed by pyrolysis with a bench scale reactor. Results show that flotation followed by pyrolysis of the light, organic fraction may be a suitable ASR recycling technique if the oil can be further refined and used as a chemical. Moreover, metals are liberated during thermal cracking and can be easily separated from the pyrolysis char, amounting to roughly 5% in mass. Lastly, pyrolysis can be a good starting point from a "waste-to-chemicals" perspective, but further research should be done with a focus on oil and gas refining, in order both to make products suitable for the chemical industry and to render the whole recycling process economically feasible. 相似文献
107.
Francisco J. Arjona Susana Sangiao-Alvarellos Sergio Polakof Angel García-López María P. Martín del Río Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez José L. Soengas Juan M. Mancera 《Marine Biology》2008,153(4):661-671
To assess the interaction between testosterone (T) treatment and acclimation to different salinities, seawater-acclimated
gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus) were implanted with slow-release coconut oil implants alone (control) or containing T (5 μg/g body mass). After 5 days,
eight fish of control and T-treated groups were sampled. The same day, eight fish of each group were transferred to low salinity
water (LSW, 6 ppt, hypoosmotic test), seawater (SW, 38 ppt, control test) and high salinity water (HSW, 55 ppt, hyperosmotic
test) and sampled 9 days later. Gill Na+, K+-ATPase activity increased in HSW-acclimated fish with respect to SW- and LSW-acclimated fish in both control and T-treated
groups. Kidney Na+, K+-ATPase activity was also enhanced in HSW-acclimated fish, but only in T-treated group. From a metabolic point of view, most
of the changes observed can be attributed to the action of salinity and T treatment alone, since few interactions between
T treatment and osmotic acclimation to different salinities were observed. Those interactions included in treated fish: in
the liver, decreased capacity in using glucose in fish acclimated to extreme salinities; in the gills, decreased capacity
in using amino acids in HSW; in the kidneys increased capacity in using amino acids in extreme salinities; and in the brain,
decreased glycogen and acetoacetate levels of fish in LSW. 相似文献
108.
Feitosa de Souza Tancredo Augusto Rodriguez-Echeverria Susana Freitas Helena Alves de Andrade Leonaldo Santos Djail 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2018,49(6):500-506
Russian Journal of Ecology - Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis juliflora are two of the most problematic invasive plant species in the Brazilian tropical seasonal dry forest, but the mechanisms... 相似文献
109.
Bogdanovic J Wouters IM Sander I Zahradnik E Joanne HR Rodrigo MJ Gómez-Ollés S Heederik DJ Doekes G 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(10):1043-1048
Well-validated methods for measuring airborne occupational allergens are essential for effective control and reduction of allergen exposures. For wheat flour allergens, specific immunoassays are available, but there is a need for optimisation and standardization of sample processing procedures. Wheat flour allergen elution and storage were studied using airborne dust samples collected in bakeries with a new parallel sampler. Forty-eight series of 9 parallel filters were subjected to extraction procedures varying in elution medium, shaking method, extraction vial, and centrifugation speed. Wheat allergens were measured with enzyme immunoassays, and the effect of various procedures evaluated by mixed regression analyses. The stability of the eluted allergens was assessed after storage for 20 days and 4 months at -20 degrees C, in the presence or absence of casein in the medium. Only the type of elution medium had significant effects on allergen recovery: addition of Tween-20 resulted in 3- to 100-fold increased levels, an effect that was most pronounced at low concentrations. Allergen levels in extracts were stable for at least 4 months at -20 degrees C, irrespective of the presence of casein in the medium. Addition of Tween-20 to the elution medium is essential for optimal extraction of wheat allergen. The recommended procedure further includes the use of conventional polystyrene tubes, simple shaking methods, and centrifugation after extraction. Wheat dust extracts in PBS-Tween can be stored frozen for at least 4 months, and addition of a stabilising protein is not required. 相似文献
110.
Ambient levels of carbonyl compounds and their possible sources were studied at three places in the metropolitan area of Costa
Rica, including a residential, an industrial, and a commercial downtown area with high vehicular flow, during the periods
of April–May and September–December 2009. Fifteen carbonyl compounds were identified in the ambient air, of which acetone
was the most abundant carbonyl, followed by formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Concentrations were highest in rainy season at
all sites and lower in dry season. These decreases in concentration are explained by the influences of both photochemical
reactions and local meteorological conditions. The strong correlation between C1–C2 and C3 indicated a common origin for these
carbonyls. The C1/C2 ratios varied between 0.49 to 1.05, values which can be considered typical of an urban area. 相似文献