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排序方式: 共有112条查询结果,搜索用时 265 毫秒
101.
Land application of municipal sewage effluent is becoming increasingly popular worldwide as a means of disposal, treatment, nutrient recycling, irrigation to meet plants' water requirements, and groundwater recharge. Nitrate leaching from a volcanic soil (Typic Udivitrand) was investigated under a Pinus radiata plantation near Rotorua, New Zealand, which had received, on average, 0, 29, and 88 mm per week of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for the previous 4 years. Four replicates of undisturbed soil monolith lysimeters (200 mm diameter×200 mm depth) from surface soil from each treatment were used to study the influence of the three different rates of effluent application on N leaching. A rapid emergence of nitrate–N occurred in the drainage samples, and indicated that approximately up to half of soil nitrate was readily leached beyond the topsoil. Nitrate–N concentrations in the drainage water increased substantially with effluent application rate, almost reaching the World Health Organisation recommended limits (approximately 10 g m−3) in plots receiving effluent at the highest rate. Given that nitrate leaching from the soils may threaten the viability of the land treatment system, due to large N loads being observed in streams which drain irrigated catchments during winter periods, possible strategies for minimising nitrate leaching losses under effluent irrigation may need to be considered. 相似文献
102.
Vikrant Jaryan Sanjay Kr. Uniyal Gopichand R. D. Singh Brij Lal Amit Kumar Varun Sharma 《The Environmentalist》2010,30(2):101-110
Recognizing the importance of sacred groves in biodiversity conservation and management, and the recent threats to them, the
present study was conducted in Shivbari sacred grove of Himachal Pradesh. The study aimed at documenting the floral wealth
of Shivbari and promoting plantation of indigenous species in participation with local people. For this, systematic field
surveys in different seasons were conducted in Shivbari from April 2005 to November 2009, and liaison was maintained with
the local community and temple management authority for gaining insight into the history and problems of Shivbari and initiating
plantation activities. A total of 69 flowering plant species were identified inside the grove, which include 14 trees, 9 shrubs,
3 lianas and 43 herbs. This represents almost 2% of the total flowering plant species occurring in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
Mallotus philippensis followed by Putranjiva roxburghii was the most dominant tree species. Adhatoda
zeylanica was the most common shrub species, while Achyranthes aspera was the most common herb species. The grove harbours 23 plants species that are in high demand in the market, and at the
same time also influences the microclimate of the area. The temperature inside the grove was significantly lower than the
temperature outside the grove. The recent changes in socio-economic status of the local people and a shift towards market-oriented
economy have threatened the survival of Shivbari. However, the deeply held beliefs of the pilgrims, local people and priest
offer a ray of hope. During the course of the study, 3,000 plants were planted inside the grove out of which 60% have survived. 相似文献
103.
Pazou EY Boko M van Gestel CA Ahissou H Lalèyè P Akpona S van Hattum B Swart K van Straalen NM 《Environment international》2006,32(5):616-623
The Ouémé River is one of the most important rivers in the Republic of Bénin. It is 510 km long and its catchment drains 75% of the country. In this study, organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues were measured in more than 35 sediment samples collected on nine locations along the Ouémé River from upstream to downstream. Except for one location, Tanéka-Koko, all areas were contaminated by more than 20 pesticides. Organochlorine pesticides identified in sediment samples included pp'-DDE, op'-DDD, pp'-DDD, op'-DDT, pp'-DDT, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, telodrin, isodrin, cis- and trans-heptachlorepoxide, hexachlorbutadiene, hexachlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene. The organophosphorous pesticide chlorpyrifos, used in a new formulation to protect cotton, was also identified. In some areas, the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in the sediment of the Ouémé River exceeded environmental quality standards and are reason for concern. 相似文献
104.
Contamination of fish by organochlorine pesticide residues in the Ouémé River catchment in the Republic of Bénin 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pazou EY Lalèyè P Boko M van Gestel CA Ahissou H Akpona S van Hattum B Swart K van Straalen NM 《Environment international》2006,32(5):594-599
In the Republic of Bénin, aquatic ecosystems are subject to poisoning risks due to the inappropriate use of pesticides, such as washing of empty bottles in rivers and using pesticides to catch fish. In some areas, cotton fields are located near riverbanks, increasing the probability of pesticide emission to the river. To assess contamination levels in the Ouémé River catchment area, different fish species were collected from different geographical areas along the river. DDT, its metabolites and isomers were the most frequently identified pesticides in fish flesh, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, dieldrin, telodrin, lindane and octachlorostyrene were also detected. Concentrations of pesticide residues in fish ranged from 0 to 1364 ng/g lipid. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that the daily intake of chlorinated pesticides by people consuming fish from the Ouémé River still is rather low and does not present an immediate risk. 相似文献
105.
R. Lal 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》1984,11(2):188-189
106.
Jawahar Lal Tiwari John E. Hobbie James P. Reed Donald W. Stanley Michael C. Miller 《Ecological modelling》1978,4(1):3-27
A set of stochastic differential equations has been used to model an aquatic ecosystem. The randomness in the system has been introduced through initial conditions of the state variables, parameters, and input variables (light and temperature). These models were analysed using Monte Carlo simulation procedures and the results were similar to those observed in the experimental and field data. They were different, however, from the results of a deterministic simulation. This approach allows us to incorporate the maximum degree of information in the model and to study the behavior of the system without arbitrarily manipulating the values of the parameters. Some possible refinements and generalizations of this approach are also discussed. 相似文献
107.
Socio-economic impacts of climate change on rural United States 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Pankaj Lal Janaki R. R. Alavalapati Evan D. Mercer 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(7):819-844
Directly or indirectly, positively or negatively, climate change will affect all sectors and regions of the United States.
The impacts, however, will not be homogenous across regions, sectors, population groups or time. The literature specifically
related to how climate change will affect rural communities, their resilience, and adaptive capacity in the United States
(U.S.) is scarce. This article bridges this knowledge gap through an extensive review of the current state of knowledge to
make inferences about the rural communities vulnerability to climate change based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) scenarios. Our analysis shows that rural communities tend to be more vulnerable than their urban counterparts due to
factors such as demography, occupations, earnings, literacy, poverty incidence, and dependency on government funds. Climate
change impacts on rural communities differs across regions and economic sectors; some will likely benefit while others lose.
Rural communities engaged in agricultural and forest related activities in the Northeast might benefit, while those in the
Southwest and Southeast could face additional water stress and increased energy cost respectively. Developing adaptation and
mitigation policy options geared towards reducing climatic vulnerability of rural communities is warranted. A set of regional
and local studies is needed to delineate climate change impacts across rural and urban communities, and to develop appropriate
policies to mitigate these impacts. Integrating research across disciplines, strengthening research-policy linkages, integrating
ecosystem services while undertaking resource valuation, and expanding alternative energy sources, might also enhance coping
capacity of rural communities in face of future climate change. 相似文献
108.
Vishwakarma Dinesh Kumar Ali Rawshan Bhat Shakeel Ahmad Elbeltagi Ahmed Kushwaha Nand Lal Kumar Rohitashw Rajput Jitendra Heddam Salim Kuriqi Alban 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(55):83321-83346
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dams significantly impact river hydrology by changing the timing, size, and frequency of low and high flows, resulting in a hydrologic regime that... 相似文献
109.
Shanti Lal Choubisa 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(1):99-114
India is one of the fluoride-endemic countries where the maximum numbers of ground or drinking water sources are naturally fluoridated. In India, a total of 23, out of 36 states and union territories have drinking water contaminated with fluoride in varying concentration. In the present scenario, especially in rural India, besides the surface waters (perennial ponds, dams, rivers, etc.), bore wells and hand pumps are the principal drinking water sources for domestic animals such as cattle (Bos taurus), water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus), horses (Equus caballus), donkeys (Equus asinus) and dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Out of 23 states, 17 states, namely Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha (Orissa), Punjab, Rajasthan, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, have fluoride beyond the maximum permissible limit of 1.0 or 1.5 ppm in drinking water. This situation is a great concern for the animal health because fluoride is a slow toxicant and causes chronic diverse serious health hazards or toxic effects. Despite the fact that domestic animals are the basic income sources in rural areas and possess a significant contributory role not only in the agriculture sector but also in the strengthening of economy as well as in sustainable development of the country, research work on chronic fluoride intoxication (hydrofluorosis) due to drinking of fluoridated water in domestic animals rearing in various fluoride-endemic states is not enough as compared to work done in humans. However, some interesting and excellent research works conducted on different aspects of hydrofluorosis in domesticated animals rearing in different states are briefly and critically reviewed in the present communication. Author believes that this review paper not only will be more useful for researchers to do some more advance research work on fluoride-induced toxicosis in different species of animals but will also be helpful in the making of health policy for domestic animals at state and national level for the mitigation of hydrofluorosis in India. 相似文献
110.
Anabaena and Aulosira fertilissima showed a marked ability to accumulate DDT, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos. Although the maximum accumulation of DDT was almost the same in both organisms, there were significant differences in their abilities to accumulate fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos. Patterns of uptake of DDT under different treatments were also similar in both Anabaena and Aulosira, but there were significant differences in the patterns of accumulation of fenitrothion between these two organisms. In Aulosira the maximum accumulation of fenitrothion was observed on the second day, whereas, in Anabaena, maximum accumulation was noticed on the first day. A completely different pattern of accumulation of chlorpyrifos was observed in Aulosira, which continued to accumulate chlorpyrifos throughout the experimental period. Bioconcentration of DDT in Anabaena and Aulosira ranged from 3 to 1568 ppm (microg g(-1)) and 6 to 1429 ppm, respectively. Bioconcentration of fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos in Anabaena varied from 53 to 3467 ppm and 7 to 6779 ppm, respectively. In Aulosira the bioconcentration varied from 100 to 6651 ppm and 53 to 3971 ppm for fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos, respectively. Anabaena and Aulosira metabolised DDT to DDD and DDE. Amounts of these DDT metabolites detected in the organisms were dependent on the concentration of treatment. DDD was the major, and DDE the minor, metabolite. These organisms were not able to metabolise the organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos. 相似文献