论灾害风险研究中的空间尺度耦合

作为人地关系中"地"对"人"负面作用的核心学科——灾害风险学存在着显著的地理空间尺度差异与尺度效应。本文提出灾害风险尺度耦合的概念与类型,从数据、方法和区划三个方面提出灾害风险研究中的空间降尺度和空间升尺度耦合思路,供同行学者参考。     

Predicting the transfer of 137Cs to rice plants by a dynamic compartment model with a consideration of the soil properties

The factors governing chlorine transfer from Phaeozem and Greyzem soils to various important crop species (foodstuff and forage) were determined in natural conditions in the Kiev region of Ukraine. The stable chlorine concentration ratio (CR) values were the lowest in apple (0.5+/-0.3) and strawberry (2+/-1), higher in vegetables (5+/-3), seeds (15+/-7) and reached a maximum in straw (187+/-90). The average CR values of 36Cl were estimated for the most important crops using all experimental data on 36Cl and stable chlorine transfer into plants from various soils. It was experimentally shown that boiling potatoes in water leads to an equilibrium between 36Cl specific content in the water and moisture in the cooked potato. The 36Cl processing factor (PF) for boiling various foodstuffs is equal to the ratio of water mass in the cooked foodstuff to the total water mass (in the food and the decoction). 36Cl PF for cereal flour can be estimated as 1. The 36Cl processing factor for dairy products is equal to the ratio of residual water mass in the product to initial water mass in milk. At a 36Cl specific activity in soil of 1 Bq kg-1, the estimated annual dietary 36Cl intake into human organism (adult man) is about 10 kBq. Sixty to seventy percent of the above amount will be taken in via milk and dairy products, 7-16% via meat, 14-16% via bread and bakery items and 8-12% via vegetables. The highest annual 36Cl intake, 10.7 kBq, is predicted for 1-year-old children. The expected effective doses from annual 36Cl intake are higher for younger age groups, increasing from 0.008 mSv in adults to 0.12 mSv in 1-year-old children.     

基于噪声指数的首都经济贸易大学校园声环境评价

文章在对首都经济贸易大学校园进行声功能区环境噪声监测的基础上,分析和计算了各区域测点噪声超标值（△LAeq）、噪声指数（LKZ）和噪声污染指数（PN）;从强度和影响人群人数两个角度评价校园声环境质量。结果表明,首都经济贸易大学校园声环境质量处于较差的水平,噪声强度超标率达到82％;据此,课题对校园噪声污染现状进行了影响分析和声环境质量的等级评定,最后针对污染现状提出了相关措施和建议。     

北京市城市生活垃圾处理现状与对策

介绍了北京市近几年来生活垃圾的产量及其变化趋势,对北京市近年来生活垃圾处理状况,垃圾处理场建设情况作了简要介绍。最后针对北京市生活垃圾处理面临的问题提出了建议,为北京市垃圾处理可持续发展提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of accuracy of linear regression models in predicting urban stormwater discharge characteristics

Stormwater runoff has been identified as a source of pollution for the environment, especially for receiving waters. In order to quantify and manage the impacts of stormwater runoff on the environment, predictive models and mathematical models have been developed. Predictive tools such as regression models have been widely used to predict stormwater discharge characteristics. Storm event characteristics, such as antecedent dry days （ADD）, have been related to response variables, such as pollutant loads and concentrations. However it has been a controversial issue among many studies to consider ADD as an important variable in predicting stormwater discharge characteristics. In this study, we examined the accuracy of general linear regression models in predicting discharge characteristics of roadway runoff. A total of 17 storm events were monitored in two highway segments, located in Gwangju, Korea. Data from the monitoring were used to calibrate United States Environmental Protection Agency＇s Storm Water Management Model （SWMM）. The calibrated SWMM was simulated for 55 storm events, and the results of total suspended solid （TSS） discharge loads and event mean concentrations （EMC） were extracted. From these data, linear regression models were developed. R2 and p-values of the regression of ADD for both TSS loads and EMCs were investigated. Results showed that pollutant loads were better predicted than pollutant EMC in the multiple regression models. Regression may not provide the true effect of site-specific characteristics, due to uncertainty in the data.     

Bi-PbO2电极电化学氧化去除模拟废水中氨氮的研究

本实验采用钛网作为基体,利用电沉积方法制备了纯PbO2电极和Bi-PbO2电极,通过SEM、XRD、XPS对电极的表面形态进行了表征,利用循环伏安法对Bi-PbO2电极电化学特性进行了研究.同时,以氨氮模拟废水作为研究对象,考察了Bi-PbO2电极的电催化活性,探讨了氨氮电化学氧化降解机理.结果表明,Bi-PbO2电极的形态表征、电催化活性明显高于纯PbO2电极,氨氮的去除效率随电流密度的增加而提高,碱性条件下氨氮的去除效果明显好于酸性条件,适量浓度的Cl-的引入在碱性条件下提高了氨氮的去除效果.当氨氮初始浓度为50 mg·L-1、电流密度为40 mA·cm-2、pH=12、Cl-浓度为600 mg·L-1时,电解120 min后,氨氮100%去除.氨氮的降解机理为:体系中无添加氯离子,酸性条件下氨氮主要是通过间接氧化去除,碱性条件下通过直接电氧化和间接氧化共同完成;体系中添加氯离子,氨氮的去除主要是通过溶液中生成的有效氯间接氧化去除.     

鲅鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶对海水甲基对硫磷的响应条件研究

动物体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(ACHE)的活性变化常被用于表征环境中有机磷农药(OPs)的污染状况.以鲅鱼脑组织AChE粗酶液为试验材料,以甲基对硫磷为OPs代表,从不同条件海水中鲅鱼AChE的活性变化人手,优化甲基对硫磷对鲅鱼AChE活性的抑制条件,获得了甲基对硫磷浓度与AChE活性抑制程度之间的关系曲线.结果表明,抑制时间为30min,温度为35℃,海水pH为7.5时,鲅鱼AChE的活性较高,甲基对硫磷对其抑制程度最强;在最佳的抑制条件下,甲基对硫磷在10～500 μg/L时,其质量浓度与AChE活性抑制率之间具有良好的线性关系(R=0.994 4),检测下限低于1.0 μg/L.     

钙钛矿型催化剂催化湿式氧化处理煤气化废水纳滤浓缩液

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Mn掺杂钙钛矿型催化剂LaFexMn1-xO3,并以其为催化剂催化湿式双氧水氧化处理煤气化废水纳滤浓缩液。采用XRD,SEM,FTIR技术对催化剂进行了表征。表征结果显示：制备的催化剂均具有标准的钙钛矿型结构,其中,LaFe0.9Mn0.1O3的结构稳定,比表面积大。实验结果表明：制备的催化剂中LaFe0.9Mn0.1O3的催化活性最高,且稳定性好,连续使用5次后催化活性未见明显减弱;在H2O2投加量3.0 g/L、n（H2O2）∶n（LaFe0.9Mn0.1O3）=12∶1、反应温度160 ℃、反应压力1 MPa、浓缩液pH 3、反应时间60 min的最优条件下,COD、UV254和TOC的去除率分别达到80.9%、95.2%和68.0%,BOD5/COD由0.02提升至0.40,可生化性大幅提高。     

Absorption characteristics of potassium carbonate-based solutions with rate promoters and corrosion inhibitors

In this research, absorbents for CO₂ capture were prepared by blending 30 wt% potassium carbonate, 3 wt% of a rate promoter, and 1 wt% of a corrosion inhibitor. Pipecolic acid, sarcosine, and diethanolamine were chosen as rate promoter candidates. Based on a rate promoter screening test for CO₂ loading capacity and absorption rate, pipecolic acid and sarcosine were selected to be used as rate promoters. 1,2,3-benzotriazole and ammonium thiocyanate were chosen as corrosion inhibitors, and they were mixed with a 30 wt% potassium carbonate-based absorbent mixture containing one of the rate promoters. The absorption rates for four absorbent solutions (30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% pipecolic acid?+?1 wt% 1,2,3-benzotriazole, 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% pipecolic acid?+?1 wt% ammonium thiocyanate, 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% sarcosine?+?1 wt% 1,2,3-benzotriazole, and 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% sarcosine?+?1 wt% ammonium thiocyanate) were measured, tabulated, and graphically displayed. These types of absorbents can be used for capturing CO₂ under high temperature and pressure conditions, such as those found in coal-fired power plants.     

Biodegradation of Poly(Aspartic Acid-Itaconic Acid) Copolymers by Miscellaneous Microbes from Natural Water

Poly(aspartic acid-itaconic acid) copolymers (PAI) is a new scale inhibitor for water treatment. Thus, it is necessary to investigate its biodegradability. The biodegradability of PAI was investigated through CO₂ evolution tests under different conditions based on determination of carbon dioxide production. The investigation results showed that the degradation rate of PAI on day 10 and day 28 were respectively 38.7 and 79.5%, indicating that PAI was one kind of easily biodegradable scale inhibitors. With the increase in the content of itaconic acid in copolymerization process, the biodegradability of PAI was significantly reduced. In addition, the high biodegradability might be attributed to the existence of C–N bone-structure and more –COO–. Finally, Cu²⁺ could decrease the degradation percentage and the enzyme inhibition effect of Cu²⁺ was not the linear effect, but the “low-dosage effect”.