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441.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed guidelines in May 1999 for the evacuation analysis of Ro-Ro passenger ships to prevent loss of life in maritime accidents. However, IMO considered these guidelines only as an interim measure and allocated 3 years for their improvement and further development as very limited experience and data were available. In this paper, the requirements of the IMO and current research regarding ship evacuation are reviewed. In addition, applicable evacuation models are presented as well as several experimental methods of obtaining the data of human behavior in regard to listing and the dynamic effect of waves on a ship are evaluated. Recommendations on further issues are discussed at the end. 相似文献
442.
The performance of a novel prototype instrument in determining solvents and solvent mixtures permeating through samples of chemical protective clothing (CPC) materials was evaluated. The instrument contains a mini-preconcentrator and an array of three polymer-coated surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) microsensors whose collective response patterns are used to discriminate among multiple permeants. Permeation tests were performed with a 2.54 cm diameter test cell in an open-loop configuration on samples of common glove materials challenged with four individual solvents, three binary mixtures, and two ternary mixtures. Breakthrough times, defined as the times required for the permeation rate to reach a value of 1 microg cm(-2) min(-1), determined by the instrument were within 3 min of those determined in parallel by manual sampling and gas chromatographic analysis. Permeating solvents were recognized (identified) from their response patterns in 59 out of 64 measurements (92%) and their vapor concentrations were quantified to an accuracy of +/- 31% (typically +/- 10%). These results demonstrate the potential for such instrumentation to provide semi-automated field or bench-top screening of CPC permeation resistance. 相似文献
443.
Gordon G. Park Philip S. Schmidt 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1973,9(5):932-941
ABSTRACT: A numerical model study of thermal stratification in a high discharge-to-volume reservoir is described. Predicted temperature profiles are compared with field data for two different years. The model accurately predicts the date of fall turnover, and predicts degree of stratification and depth of the thermocline within about 20% for both years simulated. A parametric study of stratification mechanics for a high flow reservoir indicated that diffusion was the predominant heat transport mechanism in the hypolimnion, while surface effects dominated the epilimnion. Flow effects for the particular case studied, in which all inflows and outflows occur in the epilimnion, did not significantly affect stratification behavior. 相似文献
444.
The present work deals with the As(Ⅴ) removal from an aqueous medium by calcined refractory grade bauxite (CRB) as a function of solution pH, time, As(Ⅴ) concentration and temperature. The residual As(Ⅴ) was lowered from 2 mg/L to below 0.01 mg/L in the optimum pH range 4.0-7.0 using a 5 g/L CRB within 3 h contact time. The adsorption data fits well with Langmuir isotherm and yielded Langmuir monolayer capacity of 1.78 mg As(Ⅴ)/g of CRB at pH 7.0. Presence of anions such as silicate and phosphate decreased As(Ⅴ) adsorption efficiency. An increase temperature resulted a decrease in the amount of As(Ⅴ) adsorbed by 6%. The continuous fixed bed column study showed that at the adsorbent bed depth of 30 cm and residence time of 168 min, the CRB was capable of treating 340 bed volumes of As(V) spiked water (C0 = 2 mg/L) before breakthrough (Ce = 0.01 mg/L). This solid adsorbent, although not reusable, can be considered for design of adsorption columns as an efficiency arsenic adsorption media. 相似文献
445.
This study was performed to investigate the concentration of PM(10) and PM(2.5) inside trains and platforms on subway lines 1, 2, 4 and 5 in Seoul, KOREA. PM(10), PM(2.5), carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored using real-time monitoring instruments in the afternoons (between 13:00 and 16:00). The concentrations of PM(10) and PM(2.5) inside trains were significantly higher than those measured on platforms and in ambient air reported by the Korea Ministry of Environment (Korea MOE). This study found that PM(10) levels inside subway lines 1, 2 and 4 exceeded the Korea indoor air quality (Korea IAQ) standard of 150 microg/m(3). The average percentage that exceeded the PM(10) standard was 83.3% on line 1, 37.9% on line 2 and 63.1% on line 4, respectively. PM(2.5) concentration ranged from 77.7 microg/m(3) to 158.2 microg/m(3), which were found to be much higher than the ambient air PM(2.5) standard promulgated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) (24 h arithmetic mean: 65 microg/m(3)). The reason for interior PM(10) and PM(2.5) being higher than those on platforms is due to subway trains in Korea not having mechanical ventilation systems to supply fresh air inside the train. This assumption was supported by the CO(2) concentration results monitored in tube of subway that ranged from 1153 ppm to 3377 ppm. The percentage of PM(2.5) in PM(10) was 86.2% on platforms, 81.7% inside trains, 80.2% underground and 90.2% at ground track. These results indicated that fine particles (PM(2.5)) accounted for most of PM(10) and polluted subway air. GLM statistical analysis indicated that two factors related to monitoring locations (underground and ground or inside trains and on platforms) significantly influence PM(10) (p<0.001, R(2)=0.230) and PM(2.5) concentrations (p<0.001, R(2)=0.172). Correlation analysis indicated that PM(10), PM(2.5), CO(2) and CO were significantly correlated at p<0.01 although correlation coefficients were different. The highest coefficient was 0.884 for the relationship between PM(10) and PM(2.5). 相似文献
446.
Park JH Chang BU Kim YJ Seo JS Choi SW Yun JY 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(12):1815-1818
A new method has been developed for analyzing (137)Cs in a small volume of seawater. Ammonium 12-molybdophosphate (AMP) was used two times during pretreatment procedure. The first step was to adsorb (137)Cs in seawater samples into AMP in order to reduce sample volume, and the second was to remove (87)Rb, interference nuclide for beta counting. The AMP adsorbing (137)Cs was dissolved by sodium hydroxide solution, and then (137)Cs was finally formed to be cesium chloroplatinate precipitate by adding 10% hexachloroplatinic acid. The beta rays emitted from (137)Cs were measured with a low background gas-proportional alpha/beta counter. This method was applied to several seawater samples taken in the East Sea of Korea. Compared to the routinely used gamma-spectrometry method, this new AMP method was reliable and suitable for analyzing (137)Cs in deep seawater. 相似文献
447.
As part of carbon cap-and-trade policy development, programs are being proposed that would pay landowners for the carbon stored in the trees in their forests. We contend that such programs could be counterproductive to the aim of mitigating atmospheric carbon if they discourage the use of wood for carbon-neutral fuels and as substitutes for more fossil carbon-intensive building products. 相似文献
448.
The Korea government has put in a lot of e ort to construct sanitation facilities for controlling non-point source pollution. The
first flush phenomenon is a prime example of such pollution. However, to date, several serious problems have arisen in the operation
and treatment e ectiveness of these facilities due to unsuitable design flow volumes and pollution loads. It is di cult to assess the
optimal flow volume and pollution mass when considering both monetary and temporal limitations. The objective of this article was to
characterize the discharge of storm runo pollution from urban catchments in Korea and to estimate the probability of mass first flush
(MFFn) using the storm water management model and probability density functions. As a result of the review of gauged storms for the
representative using probability density function with rainfall volumes during the last two years, all the gauged storms were found to be
valid representative precipitation. Both the observed MFFn and probability MFFn in BE-1 denoted similarly large magnitudes of first
flush with roughly 40% of the total pollution mass contained in the first 20% of the runo . In the case of BE-2, however, there were
significant di erence between the observed MFFn and probability MFFn. 相似文献
449.
Eunjeong Lee Chounghyun Seong Hakkwan Kim Seungwoo Park Moonseong Kang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(6):840-845
This study described the development and validation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for the purpose of analyzing the e ects of
climate change on nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed. The runo discharge was estimated using
ANN algorithm. The performance of ANN model was examined using observed data from study watershed. The simulation results
agreed well with observed values during calibration and validation periods. NPS pollutant loads were calculated from load-discharge
relationship driven by long-term monitoring data. LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator) model was used
to generate rainfall data. The calibrated ANN model and load-discharge relationship with the generated data from LARS-WG were
applied to analyze the e ects of climate change on NPS pollutant loads from the agricultural small watershed. The results showed that
the ANN model provided valuable approach in estimating future runo discharge, and the NPS pollutant loads. 相似文献
450.
Sarper Sarp Sungyun Lee Noeon Park Nguyen Thi Hanh Jaeweon Cho 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2009,3(1):98-105
For effective wastewater reclamation and water recovery, the treatment of natural and effluent organic matters (NOM and EfOM),
toxic anions, and micropollutants was considered in this work. Two different NOM (humic acid of the Suwannee River, and NOM
of US and Youngsan River, Korea), and one EfOM from the Damyang wastewater treatment plant, Korea, were selected for investigating
the removal efficiencies of tight nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different properties. Nitrate,
bromate, and perchlorate were selected as target toxic anions due to their well known high toxicities. Tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate
(TCEP), oxybenzone, and caffeine, due to their different K
ow and pK
a values, were selected as target micropollutants. As expected, the NF membranes provided high removal efficiencies in terms
of all the tested contaminants, and the UF membrane provided fairly high removal efficiencies for anions (except for nitrate)
and the relatively hydrophobic micropollutant, oxybenzon. Through the wetlands, nitrate was successfully removed. Therefore,
a fair process of combining membranes with an engineered wetland could be proposed for sustainable wastewater reclamation
and optimum control of contaminats. 相似文献