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21.
Defining behavioural syndromes and the role of ‘syndrome deviation’ in understanding their evolution 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Niels J. Dingemanse Ned A. Dochtermann Shinichi Nakagawa 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2012,66(11):1543-1548
This commentary highlights multivariate tools that have been used by evolutionary biologists in the study of syndromes and their evolution and discusses the insights that these methods provide into evolutionary processes relative to the metric ‘syndrome deviation’ that has recently been proposed by Herczeg and Garamszegi (Behav Ecol Sociobiol 66:161–169, 2012). We clarify that non-zero phenotypic correlations arise from the joint influences of within- and between-individual correlations, whereas only non-zero between-individual correlations represent behavioural syndromes, and discuss how acknowledgement of this subtle difference between phenotypic and between-individual correlations affects the applicability of syndrome deviation for the study of behavioural syndromes. 相似文献
22.
Minoru Yoshikawa Yuko Motoki Go Hibino Kazuhiko Takeuchi Keisuke Hanaki Shinichi Arai Toshihiko Masui Toshihiro Inoue 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(2):169-175
Here we propose a method to quantitatively assess and examine Global No Net Loss (GNNL) of forest biodiversity on a global
scale. The method produces a GNNL index of existing forest and enables future predictions of forest loss under different assumptions.
The method tests the feasibility of the GNNL index and enables discussion of policy for future global scale sustainable forest
management up to 2050. The GNNL index was estimated from an equation including forest areas per country per forest type (primary
forest, secondary forest and plantation forest), diversity of forest ecosystem, and species density. Estimates derived from
historical data revealed an approximate 7% reduction in GNNL index between 1990 and 2005. Predictions of the GNNL index until
2050 emphasize the importance of regenerating large portions of forests felled for agricultural land (or other uses) with
secondary forests. 相似文献
23.
In this study, we conducted polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) analysis using fast gas chromatography (GC)/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Mass spectrometry (MS) was performed with a miniature multi-turn time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer called "MULTUM-S II". MULTUM-S II is truly a portable high resolution mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer's high resolution capability is due to its theoretical infinite flight path utilizing perfect space and time focusing within a closed flight orbit. Mass resolution above 10?000 was easily achievable employing this portable system. This mass resolution is comparable to magnetic sector mass spectrometers, which have traditionally performed PCB analyses in the past. At a resolution of 10?000, a limit-of-detection of 1 ppb was determined using a heptachlorinated biphenyl standard sample. Using this fast GC/HRMS, 66 PCB congeners were analyzed within 5 min. In addition experiments aimed at confirming interference of PCB signal peaks and matrix peaks in diluted dielectric coolant fluids were performed. We found that the PCB signal peaks were detected without matrix interference via high mass resolution. 相似文献
24.
Allison Rick VandeVoort Ryan Tappero Yuji Arai 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(13):7828-7837
Residence time effects on phase transformation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (15–50 nm, with and without polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coating) were investigated in reducing soils using experimental geochemistry and synchrotron-based x-ray techniques. After 30 days of anaerobic incubation, a substantial fraction of PVP-coated AgNPs (15 nm) were transformed into Ag2S and or humic acid (HA) complexed Ag(I), whereas only the HA fraction was dominant in uncoated AgNPs (50 nm). Several investigations recently reported that sulfidation of AgNPs to Ag2S was the predominant mechanism controlling the fate of AgNP in soil–water environments. However, this investigation showed each AgNP underwent particle-specific chemical transformations to different end compounds after 30 days. Considering the small contribution of Ag(I) dissolution from all AgNPs (less than 5 %), we concluded that changes in solid-state chemical speciation of sorbed AgNPs was promoted by particle-specific interactions of NPs in soil chemical constituents, suggesting a critical role of soil absorbents in predicting the fate of AgNPs in terrestrial environments. 相似文献
25.
A.?KotakeEmail author T.?Arai T.?Ozawa S.?Nojima M.?J.?Miller K.?Tsukamoto 《Marine Biology》2003,142(5):849-854
In order to examine the variation in migratory history of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, we measured otolith strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations by X-ray electron microprobe analysis in 5 yellow eels and 20 silver eels collected in the coastal waters of the Amakusa Islands during the spawning migration season. Three migratory types categorized as river eels, estuarine eels and sea eels were found. Estuarine eels were dominant (52%), sea eels were the second most abundant (28%), followed by river eels (20%). The low proportion of river eels from the spawning migration season suggested that the estuarine and sea eels that inhabit the nearby coastal areas might make a larger reproductive contribution to the next generation in this area, although similar analyses should be made over the wide-range geographic distribution of this species, to provide better estimates of the reproductive contributions by different migratory patterns of the population. 相似文献
26.
Oka M Arai T Shibata Y Miyazaki N 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,142(3):383-387
To discuss the maternal-fetal transfer of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in viviparous fish, the whole-body burdens of POPs were determined in gravid surfperches from Otsuchi Bay, Japan, and in their fetuses. The concentrations were 2.75-15.5 times higher in the maternal tissue. To compare the characteristics of the maternal-fetal transfer between species with different gestation systems, reports on the striped dolphin and long-finned pilot whales were studied. The transfer rates of POPs in surfperches were 0.6-6.0%, while in marine mammals they were 3.0-9.4%. The difference in transfer rates may derive from the difference in their reproductive systems. On the other hand, as in marine mammals, selective transfer of POPs was seen in surfperches. The transfer rates were higher in less hydrophobic compounds such as dieldrin, and lower in more hydrophobic compounds such as DDTs. A new transfer factor is also discussed which instantly indicates the difference in the concentrations between mother and fetus. 相似文献
27.
Model averaging,missing data and multiple imputation: a case study for behavioural ecology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Model averaging, specifically information theoretic approaches based on Akaike’s information criterion (IT-AIC approaches),
has had a major influence on statistical practices in the field of ecology and evolution. However, a neglected issue is that
in common with most other model fitting approaches, IT-AIC methods are sensitive to the presence of missing observations.
The commonest way of handling missing data is the complete-case analysis (the complete deletion from the dataset of cases
containing any missing values). It is well-known that this results in reduced estimation precision (or reduced statistical
power), biased parameter estimates; however, the implications for model selection have not been explored. Here we employ an
example from behavioural ecology to illustrate how missing data can affect the conclusions drawn from model selection or based
on hypothesis testing. We show how missing observations can be recovered to give accurate estimates for IT-related indices
(e.g. AIC and Akaike weight) as well as parameters (and their standard errors) by utilizing ‘multiple imputation’. We use
this paper to illustrate key concepts from missing data theory and as a basis for discussing available methods for handling
missing data. The example is intended to serve as a practically oriented case study for behavioural ecologists deciding on
how to handle missing data in their own datasets and also as a first attempt to consider the problems of conducting model
selection and averaging in the presence of missing observations. 相似文献
28.
Yuanyuan Zhang Masashi Kuroda Shunsuke Arai Fumitaka Kato Daisuke Inoue Michihiko Ike 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(5):68
29.
30.
Yano Junya Yanagawa Ritsuki Koshiba Junichiro Hirai Yasuhiro Sakai Shinichi 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(4):1792-1806
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - We used a life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction effects of preventing 50% of all avoidable household... 相似文献