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181.
The concept of effective population size (Ne) was developed under a discrete-generation model, but most species have overlapping generations. In the early 1970s, J. Felsenstein and W. G. Hill independently developed methods for calculating Ne in age-structured populations; the two approaches produce the same answer under certain conditions and have contrasting advantages and disadvantages. Here, we describe a hybrid approach that combines useful features of both. Like Felsenstein's model, the new method is based on age-specific survival and fertility rates and therefore can be directly applied to any species for which life table data are available. Like Hill, we relax the restrictive assumption in Felsenstein's model regarding random variance in reproductive success, which allows more general application. The basic principle underlying the new method is that age structure stratifies a population into winners and losers in the game of life: individuals that live longer have more opportunities to reproduce and therefore have a higher mean lifetime reproductive success. This creates different classes of individuals within the population, and grouping individuals by age at death provides a simple means of calculating lifetime variance in reproductive success of a newborn cohort. The new method has the following features: (1) it can accommodate unequal sex ratio and sex-specific vital rates and overdispersed variance in reproductive success; (2) it can calculate effective size in species that change sex during their lifetime; (3) it can calculate Ne and the ratio Ne/N based on various ways of defining N; (4) it allows one to explore the relationship between Ne and the effective number of breeders per year (Nb), which is a quantity that genetic estimators of contemporary Ne commonly provide information about; and (5) it is implemented in freely available software (AgeNe). 相似文献
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盘式曝气器是目前城市污水处理厂主要采用的曝气设备之一。但目前盘式曝气器存在充氧能力低、阻力损失大、使用寿命短等技术问题,增加了城市污水处理厂运行成本,降低了运行效能。针对这些问题,对盘式曝气器进行了结构优化设计。通过结构优化,既改善了曝气器的抗撕裂性和自闭性,同时叉提高了充氧能力,降低了曝气阻力损失。 相似文献
185.
随着城市的发展,大量抽取地下水,海水入侵灾害已成为制约沿海地区社会经济可持续发展的突出因素.论文以六股河地段为例,针对海水入侵灾害现状,建立了地下水流数值模拟模型,探讨通过地下水人工调蓄来防治海水入侵灾害的途径. 相似文献
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灾害事件网络舆论监督多重性分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
5·12汶川地震发生后,网络媒介发挥了重要的舆论监督功能.其呈现出的多重性特点,在一定程度上改变了传统的社会舆论监督模式,成为传统媒体舆论监督的有力补充.本文分别从监督对象与内容、监督主体与方式、监督环节与效果三方面分析了其多重性的表现及其内在成因,并提出了相应的完善措施. 相似文献
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Moisture distributions in municipal sewage sludge, printing and dyeing sludge and paper mill sludge were experimentally studied
based on four di erent methods, i.e., drying test, thermogravimetric-di erential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) test, thermogravimetricdi
erential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test and water activity test. The results indicated that the moistures in the mechanically
dewatered sludges were interstitial water, surface water and bound water. The interstitial water accounted for more than 50% wet basis
(wb) of the total moisture content. The bond strength of sludge moisture increased with decreasing moisture content, especially when
the moisture content was lower than 50% wb. Furthermore, the comparison among the four di erent testing methods was presented.
The drying test was advantaged by its ability to quantify free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water; while TG-DSC
test, TG-DTA test and water activity test were capable of determining the bond strength of moisture in sludge. It was found that the
results from TG-DSC and TG-DTA test are more persuasive than water activity test. 相似文献
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