环保企业员工安全心理素质的提高与教育

环保企业往往涉及许多化学品的处理与处置,对企业员工来说,是带有一定危险性的行业.因此,安全生产至关重要,而企业职工的安全心理教育也是刻不容缓的.本文以大连东泰产业废弃物处理有限公司为例,分析了此类环保企业员工可能存在的一些不良安全心理,指出了安全教育的重要性和紧迫性,并结合其他企业安全生产的经验,提出了制定必要的奖惩制度、优化企业管理水平、解决工作紧张给职工带来的心理问题、加强职工心理素质的培养和训练,提高其沟通减压的能力等提升企业员工安全心理健康发展、提高员工安全意识的方法和措施.     

An innovative wood-chip-framework substrate used as slow-release carbon source to treat high-strength nitrogen wastewater

Removal of nitrogen in wastewater before discharge into receiving water courses is an important consideration in treatment systems. However, nitrogen removal efficiency is usually limited due to the low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio. A common solution is to add external carbon sources, but amount of liquid is difficult to determine. Therefore, a combined wood-chip-framework substrate (with wood, slag and gravel) as a slow-release carbon source was constructed in baffled subsurface-flow constructed wetlands to overcome the problem. Results show that the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) could reach 37.5%–85%, 57.4%–86%, 32.4%–78%, respectively, indicating the combined substrate could diffuse sufficient oxygen for the nitrification process (slag and gravel zone) and provide carbon source for denitrification process (wood-chip zone). The nitrification and denitrification were determined according to the location of slag/gravel and wood-chip, respectively. Nitrogen removal was efficient at the steady phase before a shock loading using slag-wood-gravel combined substrate because of nitrification–denitrification process, while nitrogen removal was efficient under a shock loading with wood-slag-gravel combined substrate because of ANAMMOX process. This study provides a new idea for wetland treatment of high-strength nitrogen wastewater.     

湖南攸县稻米镉（Cd）富集特征及原因解析

攸县大米富镉(Cd)问题受到社会的广泛关注.通过实地调查和采样分析,应用路径分析模型(PA),多元回归分析和K-means聚类方法分析Cd在土壤-稻米系统中的富集特征,潜在风险和主要影响因子.结果显示攸县稻米Cd平均含量为0.47 mg·kg~(-1),约为国家粮食安全质量标准的2.5倍.稻米Cd富集因子(PUF)服从自然对数分布,变化范围较大.回归分析和PA分析显示土壤pH、土壤Mn和土壤Zn含量为影响PUF变化的主要环境因子,其中土壤Mn对PUF的影响主要体现在对稻米Cd的直接作用,土壤pH和土壤Zn对PUF的影响主要是通过影响土壤Cd含量而间接影响稻米Cd含量.K-means聚类分析显示土壤pH=5.6和土壤Mn含量=333 mg·kg-1可作为研究区对生产严重超标Cd米的土壤进行治理的初步调控阈值.     

A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C?C350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C?C700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2?C0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm³)^?1, which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MS Wand the fly ash percentage in the total ash.     

单级高速离心风机在350MW燃煤电厂烟气脱硫工艺节能改造中的应用

火力发电厂脱硫氧化风机常采用罗茨鼓风机,但其存在效率低、能耗高、噪声大的不足。单级高速离心鼓风机以其环保、高效、低噪等优势在市政水处理中得到大量应用,但在脱硫中很少使用。通过工艺对比和对单级高速离心鼓风机替代罗茨风机进行可行性分析并完成改造。改造后结果表明:单级高速离心鼓风机完全可替代脱硫罗茨风机,可实现节能,同时不改变脱硫石膏的品质,且可降低噪声水平。     

锅炉改造项目环境影响评价实证分析

本文以锅炉“煤改气”项目为例,在项目施工期、运营期产生的环境影响进行评价,并提出相应的环境保护措施。为环保部门和企业管理提供理论依据,并为锅炉改造类项目污染预防治理提供实践经验,最大限度降低项目建设对周围环境的不利影响,推动“煤改气”项目的可持续发展。     

复杂环境下楼房的控制爆破拆除

介绍了在复杂环境下五层砖混结构大楼的爆破拆除,并对爆破方案的选择,参数的选取进行了分析和论述,可供类似工程参考.     

Household, hotel and market waste audits for composting in Vietnam and Laos.

In Da Nang and Ha Long, Vietnam and in Vientiane, Laos, there was interest by local authorities in separating and composting waste in order to reduce environmental and health problems at the local landfills and to produce a soil conditioner for local agricultural use. To assist in the planning of composting projects, three studies were carried out to estimate waste quantities and composition. 1. A 9-day audit of waste from 45 vendors in a market in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. The total quantity of waste and the quantity in each of nine categories were estimated for each of six different types of vendors. 2. A 7-day audit of waste disposed by three hotels in the tourist area of Ha Long, Vietnam. Waste quantities were estimated in total, on a per guest basis, and in three main categories: compostables, recyclables and miscellaneous. 3. A 7-day audit of waste collected from 74 households in Da Nang, the fourth largest city in Vietnam. Waste from each household was separated into compostable and non-compostable waste. Over 60% of each waste source comprised compostable waste and this was considered significant enough to warrant further planning of composting operations.     

太湖不同介质电导率时空变化特征

电导率是表征水体溶解性固体物质或盐度的重要参数,也是水体常规监测参数之一.为揭示太湖不同介质电导率的时空变化特征,对太湖水体水质历史数据(1980～2009年)以及近10年来野外监测数据(2009～2018年)进行统计分析.结果表明,近40年来太湖水体电导率呈显著上升趋势,并在1996～1997年发生突变.太湖水体电导率由1980～1996年的(239. 43±70. 60)μS·cm~(-1)增长到目前的(477. 31±23. 47)μS·cm~(-1),年均增长率10. 40μS·(cm·a)-1;空间上,西北湖区水体电导率显著高于东南湖区;水体电导率变化以主要离子变化为主导,氮营养盐的贡献基本可忽略;流域人类活动是引起水体电导率变化的主要因素.此外,太湖水体电导率受季节性径流的影响更为显著.与湖水电导率变化规律相比,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均低于东南湖区,深层( 10 cm)则相反.剖面上,西北湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率和深层( 10 cm)无显著差异,但东南湖区表层沉积物、孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率高于深层( 10 cm).沉积物电导率与有机质呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),与p H呈负相关(P 0. 05),表明有机质对金属离子活化迁移具有明显的促进作用,而酸性环境下更有利于离子的活化.对不同介质间电导率分析发现,表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)电导率均与上覆水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),而深层( 10 cm)沉积物及孔隙水电导率与上覆水电导率没有相关性,表明表层沉积物和孔隙水(0～10 cm)对上覆水电导率有明显影响.此外,整个剖面上(0～50 cm)沉积物电导率和孔隙水电导率呈显著正相关(P 0. 01),说明沉积物和孔隙水之间进行着比较充分的离子迁移交换,两者之间的相互影响总体上高于对上覆水的影响.     

Review on fate of chlorine during thermal processing of solid wastes

Chlorine(Cl) is extensively present in solid wastes, causing significant problems during the thermal conversion of waste to energy or fuels, by combustion, gasification or pyrolysis.This paper introduces the analytical methods for determining the Cl content in solid materials and presents the concentrations of Cl in various types of wastes, as reported in literature. Then, it provides a comprehensive analysis on the Cl emission behavior and Cl species formed during the thermal processing of the inorganic and organic Cl sources. The challenges resulted from the reactions between the formed Cl species and the ferrous metals, the heavy metals and the organic matters are summarized and discussed, e.g., high temperature corrosion, heavy metal evaporation and dioxin formation. The quality degradation of products(oil, char and syngas) by Cl is analyzed. Finally, the available controlling methods of Cl emission, including pre-treatment(water washing, sorting,microwave irradiation and stepwise pyrolysis) and in-furnace(absorbents, co-treatment and catalysts) methods are assessed.