Domestic waste management and recovery in Hong Kong

This article presents a review of the current municipal solid waste (MSW) and domestic waste generation and recovery situation in Hong Kong and identifies the factors affecting the waste generation rates. The results show that before 1997, MSW and domestic waste generation rates were driven by population growth and growth in the gross domestic product, with the latter having the larger effect. But recent waste generation data show poor correlation between waste generation rates and economic and population figures due to the increase in recycling efforts in the community. The results are also reported of a small-scale survey to explore the public attitude to waste recovery. The results show that most domestic householders have developed habits to carry out separation of waste at source for recycling, but the amount of recyclables recovered was low.     

对位酯废水的光催化降解研究

研究了对位酯生产废水的初步处理方案.先将对位酯废水进行中和、冷冻除盐、加CaO沉淀、过滤等预处理(预处理后COD 40 352 mg/L;SO42- 9 577 mg/L;NH3-N 21 mg/L),再采用纳米光催化降解以及BaCl2进行处理,TiO2浓度为2 g/L时处理效果较好(COD 30 325 mg/L;SO42- 880 mg/L;NH3-N 140 mg/L).废水经铁炭微电解及CaO处理后,再进行光催化降解可以达到更好的处理效果,COD降为21 224 mg/L.废水经微电解、Fenton氧化和光催化联用处理后,COD降为20 800 mg/L.     

Fe2O3/UV/H2O2光催化法降解造纸废水的研究

以Fe2O3为催化剂,高压汞灯为光源,对造纸废水进行光催化法降解实验研究,初步分析了光催化法处理废水的基本原理,对不同反应体系的处理效果进行比较并讨论了Fe2O3用量、H2O2用量、pH值、反应时间等影响处理效果的主要因素.研究结果表明,Fe2O3/UV/H2O2体系能有效、快速地降低造纸废水的COD.实验考察了Fe2O3用量、H2O2用量、pH值、反应时间等因素对降解效果的影响,得出的最佳的降解条件及效果为:室温下Fe2O3用量为1.0 g/L,H2O2用量为0.5%(体积比),pH值为3.0,300 W高压汞灯照射下反应3 h后废水的CODCr去除率达到93.3%,出水CODCr降到54 mg/L.光催化反应体系中,Fe2O3的光催化氧化在有机物的降解反应中起着主要作用.由于Fe2O3和H2O2能发生协同作用,因此在反应体系中加入适量H2O2可以提高光催化反应效率和反应速度,大大提高了对造纸废水的处理效果.反应体系中的催化剂可回收处理后重复使用多次,对处理效果没有明显影响.     

Carbon, nitrogen balances and greenhouse gas emission during cattle feedlot manure composting

Carbon and N losses reduce the agronomic value of compost and contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study investigated GHG emissions during composting of straw-bedded manure (SBM) and wood chip-bedded manure (WBM). For SBM, dry matter (DM) loss was 301 kg Mg(-1), total carbon (TC) loss was 174 kg Mg(-1), and total nitrogen (TN) loss was 8.3 kg Mg(-1). These correspond to 30.1% of initial DM, 52.8% of initial TC, and 41.6% of initial TN. For WBM, DM loss was 268 kg Mg(-1), TC loss was 154 kg Mg(-1), and TN loss was 1.40 kg Mg(-1), corresponding to 26.5, 34.5, and 11.8% of initial amounts. Most C was lost as CO2 with CH4 accounting for <6%. However, the net contribution to greenhouse gas emissions was greater for CH4 since it is 21 times more effective at trapping heat than CO2. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were 0.077 kg N Mg(-1) for SBM and 0.084 kg N Mg(-1) for WBM, accounting for 1 to 6% of total N loss. Total GHG emissions as CO2-C equivalent were not significantly different between SBM (368.4 +/- 18.5 kg Mg(-1)) and WBM (349.2 +/- 24.3 kg Mg(-1)). However, emission of 368.4 kg C Mg(-1) (CO2-C equivalent) was greater than the initial TC content (330.5 kg Mg(-1)) of SBM, raising the question of the net benefits of composting on C sequestration. Further study is needed to evaluate the impact of composting on overall GHG emissions and C sequestration and to fully investigate livestock manure management options.     

NH3-SCR denitration catalyst performance over vanadium-titanium with the addition of Ce and Sb

Selective catalytic reduction technology using NH3 as a reducing agent(NH3-SCR) is an effective control method to remove nitrogen oxides. TiO2-supported vanadium oxide catalysts with different levels of Ce and Sb modification were prepared by an impregnation method and were characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV–Vis DRS), Raman and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR). The catalytic activities of V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts for denitration were investigated in a fixed bed flow microreactor. The results showed that cerium, vanadium and antimony oxide as the active components were well dispersed on TiO2, and the catalysts exhibited a large number of d–d electronic transitions, which were helpful to strengthen SCR reactivity. The V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts exhibited a good low temperature NH3-SCR catalytic activity. In the temperature range of 210 to 400℃, the V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts gave NO conversion rates above 90%. For the best V5Ce35Sb2/TiO2 catalyst, at a reaction temperature of 210℃, the NO conversion rate had already reached 90%. The catalysts had different catalytic activity with different Ce loadings. With the increase of Ce loading, the NO conversion rate also increased.     

中国城市生活垃圾燃烧的特性

根据我国23个主要城市约40组垃圾的统计数据(包括元素分析和工业分析及组分分析),较好地拟合了生活垃圾净热值、垃圾焚烧理论空气量的计算公式;在此基础上研究了垃圾净热值与绝热火焰温度的数学关系,进而分析了垃圾单独焚烧(无辅助燃料)所需的临界热值及过剩空气率、预热空气温度等参数对临界热值的影响.本研究为了解垃圾的燃烧特性及垃圾的焚烧利用提供分析依据.     

锌冶炼地块剖面土壤对镉、铅的吸附特征及机制

采用静态批实验,研究了不同初始Cd/Pb浓度、温度（288~308 K）和pH值（2~6）条件下,湖南省株洲市某关停锌冶炼厂地块垂直剖面土层杂填土（S1）、素填土（S2）、粉质黏土（S3）和全风化板岩（S4）对Cd和Pb的吸附特征.结果表明,各土层土壤对Cd和Pb的吸附平衡过程较快,准一级动力学模型更适合描述其动力学过程.土壤对Cd和Pb的吸附量随初始溶液pH值和温度的增加而增加,Freundlich方程能较好描述其等温吸附特征,且为自发进行的吸热物理化学过程.Langmuir方程拟合发现,剖面土壤对Cd和Pb的滞留能力较大,298 K下Cd吸附量为2097~4504 mg·kg^-1,Pb吸附量高达4376~10564 mg·kg^-1,Cd和Pb吸附量均呈现出全风化板岩（S4）>杂填土（S1）>粉质黏土（S3）>素填土（S2）趋势.土层土壤理化性质差异影响Cd和Pb在土壤上的吸附行为,Fe/Al含量和阳离子交换量是其主要影响因子.扫描电镜（SEM-EDS）和傅里叶变化（FTIR）结果表明,Cd和Pb与土壤中Fe和Al发生交换,土壤中羟基（—OH）、羧基（C＝O）的位点是Cd和Pb的主要吸附位点.锌冶炼活动排放的Cd和Pb进入地块后大部分滞留在土壤表层,随着土壤深度增加含量逐渐降低,研究结果可为冶炼地块土壤及地下水重金属污染防治提供科学依据.     

分子筛固载Fe2+-Fenton法降解水中甲基橙的研究

单因素实验考察了不同Fe2+负载量、甲基橙溶液初始浓度、温度、催化剂用量、pH值以及H2O2浓度对降解率的影响。正交实验优化了降解反应条件,得出各因素影响显著性的先后顺序为:pH值、温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、H2O2浓度。结果表明:在常压、温度为35℃,起始pH值为3.00、H2O2浓度为0.552mmol/L、催化剂浓度为0.83g/L、反应时间为80min的最佳条件下,甲基橙降解率可达98.15%。对催化剂进行了紫外照射处理回收再生,功率100W条件下,照射3h后再生催化剂活性可达原来的80.64%。     

宁夏干旱地区工业区对农田土壤重金属累积的影响

随着我国东部沿海地区产业向中西部地区转移,曾经被冠以"净土"的西北干旱地区受到了工业排放污染的威胁.本文以宁夏某县枸杞种植地为研究对象,采用GIS技术,以工业区为中心,结合当地主导风向,沿着黄河进行带状布点采样,分析工业区的建立对农田土壤重金属Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Co、Cu、Cd、Pb污染的影响.结果表明,研究区农田土壤重金属累积程度较轻,只有少数样点发生人为Zn和Cd累积;工业区土壤中除了Ni元素以外,其它7种元素都有累积,其中Cd元素浓度达到污染水平的样点占总样点数三分之一.空间分布格局分析结果表明,枸杞地土壤中Cd、Zn、Cu、Mn和Pb等5种元素的分布与工业区位置有较强的相关性.从土壤重金属含量的角度来看,研究区的工业区影响还未造成枸杞地土壤重金属污染,并且由于该区域土壤的pH值普遍较高(平均pH值为8.54),因此,可以认为目前还不存在农田土壤重金属污染问题.但是工业区对农田土壤中重金属累积趋势的影响较为明显.此外,工业区对灌溉水中重金属元素的浓度也有一定影响.     

从"人肉搜索"看网络媒介灾害信息的非主流传播

汶川地震“人肉搜索”事件集中代表了网络媒介灾害信息的非主流传播,成为灾后社会舆论的重要组成部分。本文从汶川地震“人肉搜索”事件入手,结合大量实例,分析了网络媒介灾害信息非主流传播的特点、功能及存在的问题,并提出了有效解决的方法。