基于模糊综合评判的汶川8.0级地震重灾区滑坡泥石流气候风险评估

用1971-2000年的30年逐日降水量资料,按旬统计汶川地震重灾县5-12月各旬的雨日、中雨日、大雨日、暴雨日的平均日数和气候概率,根据地震重灾区实际地质环境条件,降低强降雨强度条件,基于模糊综合评判法,按照最大隶属度原则对汶川特大地震重灾区的39个县进行地质灾害时空气候风险评估。结果表明:重灾区的地质灾害气候风险指数值存在两个高值期间,一个是5月中旬至7月上旬,另一个是8月下旬至9月下旬。而10月下旬至次年4月,重灾区降雨明显减少,绝大部分地区没有地质灾害气候风险;从地域分布来看,高风险区域主要集中在重灾区的西部和中部,风险等级为3～4级(风险较大或很大),东部地区风险等级为1～2级(中等风险或风险较小),但7月下旬高等级风险区位置集中在重灾区的南部和东部。     

Cypermethrin has the potential to induce hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Cypermethrin (CYP), a widely used Type II pyrethroid pesticide, is one of the most common contaminants in the freshwater aquatic system. We studied the effects of CYP exposure on the induction of hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and the alteration of gene expression related to apoptosis in adult zebrafish. Hepatic mRNA levels for the genes encoding antioxidant proteins, such as Cu/Zn-Sod, Mn-Sod, Cat, and Gpx, were significantly upregulated when zebrafish were exposed to various concentrations of CYP for 4 or 8 days. In addition, the main genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation and the mitochondrial genes related to respiration and ATP synthesis were also significantly upregulated after exposure to high concentrations (1 and 3 μg L⁻¹) of CYP for 4 or 8 days. Moreover, in a comet assay of zebrafish hepatocytes, tail DNA, tail length, tail moment and Olive tail moment increased in a concentration-dependent manner. The significant induction (p < 0.01) of all four parameters observed with CYP concentrations of 0.3 μg L⁻¹ or higher suggests that heavy DNA damage was induced even at low levels. Furthermore, several apoptosis- related genes, such as p53, Apaf1 and Cas3, were significantly upregulated after CYP exposure, and Bcl2/Bax expression ratio decreased, especially in groups treated with 1 and 3 μg L⁻¹ CYP for 8 days. Taken together, our results suggested that CYP has the potential to induce hepatic oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in zebrafish. This information will be helpful in fully understanding the mechanism of aquatic toxicology induced by CYP in fish.     

北京、上海两地2004和2005年大气污染特征对比分析

为了解北京、上海两市大气污染的变化及其影响因素之间的关系,根据2004、2005年大气质量监测数据,分析了北京、上海两地大气污染特征和两地主要大气污染物的变化规律。结果表明,2004、2005年北京市的PM10最大值是最小值的637倍,北京市的变化幅度较上海市的变化幅度大;2004、2005年北京市的SO2最大值是最小值的467倍,上海市的SO2最大值是最小值的131倍,上海市的SO2污染的因素变化幅度较小;两市的NO2浓度都较高,且季节变化不太明显;两市NO2浓度年平均值满足国家空气质量二级标准,但质量浓度都较高,这与两市的机动车尾气污染有关;两市SO2浓度年平均值除上海市2005年外均满足国家空气质量二级标准,上海市SO2污染严重与上海市消耗大量煤炭有关,北京市SO2污染物浓度年度变化剧烈与冬季取暖烧煤有关;两市可吸入颗粒物污染比较严重,北京市PM10浓度年平均值超过国家空气质量二级标准,上海市PM10浓度年平均值达到国家空气质量二级标准。总体上上海市的大气质量要好于北京市。两地大气主要污染物随时间的变化规律与两地的污染物来源、地理、气候等条件有关。     

香港河流沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性

采用厌氧序列分批滴定装置（ＡＳＢＴ）研究了香港青山湾避风塘和屯门河、城门河、林村河感潮河段沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性。结果表明,在ｐＨ１６和ｐＨ７的条件下,沉积物中有机碳对铜的吸附特性可用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温式描述,铜在不同河流沉积物有机碳中的分配系数差别较大,吸附容量差别较小,Ｈ＾＋可以结合沉积物有机碳的重金属结合位点,导致吸附容量和分配系数随ｐＨ增大而增大。     

GDZ型锅炉烟气脱硫除尘脱水雾装置

文章介绍适用中小型燃煤锅炉的ＧＤＺ型锅炉了脱硫除尘设备,它在设计思路上是全新的,原理上突破目前所采取的使用大量水喷淋水循环的模式。具有体积小,吵采取水循环,处理费用低、集脱硫、除尘、脱水雾为一体,处理效率高,耐磨抗腐蚀的特点,是有较强的生命力,很有发展前任的环保产品。     

生物除磷工艺技术发展

在阅读大量国内外有关文献和从事多年生物除磷研究的基础上,综述了生物除磷工艺的特点及降磷工艺的进展和现状,探讨了可控非稳态条件下周期循环生物除磷工艺的发展状况。     

地震能量辐射系数的测定与预报应用探索

本方法通过对区域地震体波振幅传播特征的研究并测定地震能量辐射系数企图得到中强震孕育的源兆信息。本文给出了方法的思路、介绍了参数的物理意义及正常理论值的估计。这一方法无论在目前模拟台网的观测条件下或将来数字观测台网建成之后均可方便、快捷使用。还对方法的使用误差、震例效果和存在问题进行了讨论。     

Uptake and accumulation of arsenic by 11 Pteris taxa from southern China

A field survey was conducted at a deserted arsenic (As) mine in Guangxi Province, China to explore new potential As hyperaccumulators. In addition, young plants of 11 Pteris taxa were grown in glasshouse conditions for 12 weeks on As-amended soils with 0, 50 and 200 mg As kg(-1). Results of the field survey showed that the fern Pteris fauriei accumulated over 1000 mg As kg(-1) in its fronds. Of the 11 Pteris taxa, Pteris aspericaulis, Pteris cretica var. nervosa, P. fauriei, Pteris multifida, P. multifida f. serrulata, and Pteris oshimensis were all found to hyperaccumulate As in addition to P. cretica 'Albo-Lineata' and Pteris vittata (already reported as As hyperaccumulators). However, Pteris ensiformis, Pteris semipinnata and Pteris setuloso-costulata showed no evidence of As hyperaccumulation. Results also revealed a constitutive property of As hyperaccumulation in different populations of P. cretica var. nervosa, P. multifida, P. oshimensis and P. vittata.     

Destruction of PCDD/Fs by SCR from flue gases of municipal waste incinerator and metal smelting plant

Partitioning of PCDD/F congeners between vapor/solid phases and removal and destruction efficiencies achieved with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system for PCDD/Fs at an existing municipal waste incinerator (MWI) and metal smelting plant (MSP) in Taiwan are evaluated via stack sampling and analysis. The MWI investigated is equipped with electrostatic precipitators (EP, operating temperature: 230 degrees C), wet scrubbers (WS, operating temperature: 70 degrees C) and SCR (operating temperature: 220 degrees C) as major air pollution control devices (APCDs). PCDD/F concentration measured at stack gas of the MWI investigated is 0.728 ng-TEQ/Nm(3). The removal efficiency of WS+SCR system for PCDD/Fs reaches 93% in the MWI investigated. The MSP investigated is equipped with EP (operating temperature: 240 degrees C) and SCR (operating temperature: 290 degrees C) as APCDs. The flue gas sampling results also indicate that PCDD/F concentration treated with SCR is 1.35 ng-TEQ/Nm(3). The SCR system adopted in MSP can remove 52.3% PCDD/Fs from flue gases (SCR operating temperature: 290 degrees C, Gas flow rate: 660 kN m(3)/h). In addition, the distributions of PCDD/F congeners observed in the flue gases of the MWI and MSP investigated are significantly different. This study also indicates that the PCDD/F congeners measured in the flue gases of those two facilities are mostly distributed in vapor phase prior to the SCR system and shift to solid phase (vapor-phase PCDD/Fs are effectively decomposed) after being treated with catalyst. Besides, the results also indicate that with SCR highly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners can be transformed to lowly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners probably by dechlorination, while the removal efficiencies of vapor-phase PCDD/Fs increase with increasing chlorination.     

土壤中水溶性有机碳与铜的相互影响

通过向土壤溶液中加入Ｃｕ２＋和可溶性有机碳(ＤＯＣ),研究它们之间的相互作用．结果发现,加入铜可以显著改变土壤水溶性有机碳(ＷＳＯＣ)的吸着平衡,并降低了其水溶性．影响程度在０．８ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１Ｃｕ以下随铜浓度的增加而增加．加入０．５ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１铜的土壤中 ＷＳＯＳ含量从 ０．２７ｍｇ Ｃ·ｇ－１降至０．０４７ｍｇ Ｃ·ｇ－１,吸着系数从６．６×１０－３ｌ·ｇ－１降至３．３×１０－３ｌ·ｇ－１．另一方面,用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程描述铜离子在土壤中的吸附行为(液相浓度单位取ｍｍｏｌ·ｌ－１,固相浓度取ｍｍｏｌ·ｇ－１土),ｋ＝９．ｌ×１０－３;ｎ＝３．４０． 加入ＤＯＣ后,ｋ＝９．２×１０－３;ｎ＝３．６６,没有明显改变土壤对铜的吸附性能．加入小同浓度的ＤＯＣ,结果仍说明该浓度范围内ＤＯＣ(＜８ｍｇ Ｃ·ｌ－１)的加入没有明显改变土壤对铜的吸附性能．