生物标志物在水环境研究中的应用

生物标志物是指示污染物危害效应的生物信号．可分为两类,一类指示生物体对有害物质的暴露;另一类指示污染物的毒性效应．与其它手段相比,生物标志物具有专一性、预警性和广泛适用性．本文介绍了指示水环境污染的主要几类生物标志物．生物转化酶和金属硫蛋白能有效地表征水体中的有机物和重金属对生物的影响．DNA加合物将有机污染与遗传物质变异相关联,因此成为生态毒理学研究的新热点．文中还讨论了生物标志物的缺陷和不足,并展望了该领域的应用前景．     

磁性负载改良型纳米TiO2的制备及光催化反应器的研发

采用自蔓延燃烧法、溶胶-凝胶、粉末-溶胶和共沉淀相结合的方法制备出了具有磁性的改良型纳米TiO2光催化剂,并用X射线衍射、SEM扫描电镜等方法进行表征;同时制备了一种可回收磁性负载易分离纳米TiO2的光催化反应器,并通过对甲基橙的光降解分析,对其光催化性能进行了评价。实验结果表明,该光催化反应器对有机废水的处理效果较好,而且结构简单,建造方便,有着广泛的应用前景。     

模拟医疗废物在管式电阻炉上的热解特性研究

在管式电阻炉上对由聚丙烯、面巾纸、纱布、医用脱脂棉、一次性口罩、医用乳胶手套等按一定比例组成的模拟医疗废物在氮气气氛进行了热解研究。重点探讨了10 K/min,20 K/min,30 K/min和40 K/min等不同升温速率对热解产物分布、产气特性和热解过程的影响。结果表明,随着温度升高,模拟废物的热解产生气体的主要成分逐渐由CO₂和CO转变为C₃H₆、CH₄、C₂H₆、C₂H₄和C₃H₈。同时,热解处理对模拟废物的减量化效果比较明显,固体残留率仅为5.61%～7.02%。而且,加热速率对模拟医疗废物热解过程的影响较大。     

天然Na基膨润土吸附处理高浓度PAM废水的研究

研究了PAM在天然钠基膨润土上的吸附行为,将其应用于含高浓度PAM（100～200 mg/L）的生产废水处理。静态条件下,膨润土的吸附平衡时间为1.5 h,最有效的吸附材料投加量为100 mg/100 mL水样。实验证明,低温度变化范围和弱酸、弱碱条件对PAM的吸附行为不产生显著影响。在最佳吸附动力学条件下,以活性炭做参比,利用实验的结论对化工厂中PAM生产废水进行吸附处理,结果表明,在对PAM废水中对PAM的吸附量分别可达到30.1和22.4 mg/g,膨润土是性价比较高的吸附处理材料。     

纳米TiO2-Ag改性VACF处理氨气研究

利用浸渍法将纳米TiO2·Ag负载于粘胶基活性炭纤维上进行改性来处理低浓度氨气,扫描电镜观测和能量色散谱分析表明纳米TiO2和Ag均较成功地负载于VACF表面上,改性VACF对氨气脱除性能良好,最大脱除率为93.3%;当Ag*掺杂量为TiO2含量的0.5wt%时氨气脱除率达到最大值;存在最佳相对湿度为55%;在氨气浓度为13～65 mg/m3范围内,浓度越低,脱除效果越好;处理较高浓度氨气可通过增加改性VACF用量;随着反应连续进行,改性VACF稳定性受到影响,但仍具有脱除氨气能力.     

神经网络在次级河流回水区叶绿素a浓度预测中的应用

以长江次级河流之一的临江河为研究对象,探讨神经网络应用于次级河流回水区叶绿素a浓度短期预测的可行性。利用主成分分析法（PCA）选取对叶绿素a浓度影响较大的指标,在这些指标数据的基础上建立RBF神经网络模型。网络训练和测试的结果表明,模型模拟精度较高,说明RBF神经网络模型可以用于次级河流回水区叶绿素a浓度的短期预测。通过对临江河回水区叶绿素a影响因子的分析,表明控制水体中磷含量应是临江河回水区富营养化防治的重点。     

微波辅助法合成纳米ReFeO3光催化剂

以稀土金属硝酸盐La(NO₃)₃、Sm(NO₃)₃、Eu(NO₃)₃、Gd(NO₃)₃和Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O为原材料, 以活性炭为模板剂,聚乙烯醇(PVA)和尿素分别用作阻聚剂和均相沉淀剂,在微波辐照下制得纳米钙钛矿型化合物ReFeO₃(Re:La,Sm,Eu,Gd)。用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、UV-vis漫反射仪(DRS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)对产物组成、结构、颗粒大小、形貌等进行了表征,结果表明产物均为单一钙钛矿结构的纳米颗粒。以产物为光催化剂,在可见光照射下对罗丹明B水溶液进行光催化降解实验,发现该类化合物均具有较好的光催化活性,180 min内对罗丹明B的脱色率均达到85%以上。     

化学滴液电极对废水中Pb~(2+)测定的初步研究

利用自制的滴液电极,运用循环伏安和方波伏安法,对Pb~(2+)在水/甲基异丁基酮(MIBK)界面上通过双硫腙(HDz)促迁移的反应机制进行了研究.结果表明,该迁移过程为不可逆过程,Pb~(2+)的迁移峰电位为0.122 V,且当Pb~(2+)摩尔浓度为5.0×10~(-7)～4.0×10~(-5)mol/L时,峰电流和Pb~(2+)浓度呈线性相关关系;水相中常见的Na~+等金属离子浓度比Pb~(2+)浓度大百倍时,或水相中常见的Mg~(2+)、Ni~(2+)浓度与Pb~(2+)浓度相同时,对峰电流测定结果产生的干扰都较小(相对误差小于10.0%),但当水相中有Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Fe~(3+)存在时,即使其浓度都与Pb~(2+)浓度相同,也会对峰电流测定结果产生明显干扰(相对误差分别为-12.2%、-28.7%、-60.3%);以方波伏安法取代循环伏安法进行峰电流测定,以新型绿色溶剂室温离子液体(RTILs)取代四苯硼四丁基铵作为有机相电解质,能极大提高Pb~(2+)浓度测定的灵敏度.     

Reduction of dioxin emission by a multi-layer reactor with bead-shaped activated carbon in simulated gas stream and real flue gas of a sinter plant

A laboratory-scale multi-layer system was developed for the adsorption of PCDD/Fs from gas streams at various operating conditions, including gas flow rate, operating temperature and water vapor content. Excellent PCDD/F removal efficiency (>99.99%) was achieved with the multi-layer design with bead-shaped activated carbons (BACs). The PCDD/F removal efficiency achieved with the first layer adsorption bed decreased as the gas flow rate was increased due to the decrease of the gas retention time. The PCDD/F concentrations measured at the outlet of the third layer adsorption bed were all lower than 0.1 ng I-TEQ Nm⁻³. The PCDD/Fs desorbed from BAC were mainly lowly chlorinated congeners and the PCDD/F outlet concentrations increased as the operating temperature was increased. In addition, the results of pilot-scale experiment (real flue gases of an iron ore sintering plant) indicated that as the gas flow rate was controlled at 15 slpm, the removal efficiencies of PCDD/F congeners achieved with the multi-layer reactor with BAC were better than that in higher gas flow rate condition (20 slpm). Overall, the lab-scale and pilot-scale experiments indicated that PCDD/F removal achieved by multi-layer reactor with BAC strongly depended on the flow rate of the gas stream to be treated.     

Cell absorption induced desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants from digested soil residue

Oral ingestion of contaminated soil is an important pathway of human exposure to hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), particularly for children in developing countries. The mobilization potential of various contaminants from ingested soil is often characterized using an in vitro gastrointestinal model, based on the quantities of contaminants remaining in digestive fluid after digestion and separation. Recently, it was experimentally demonstrated that a large fraction of mobilized contaminants sorbed on the digested residue could be released if the dissolved fraction was removed by intestinal absorption. This hypothesis was further tested in this study. Soil spiked with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDXs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was digested using an in vitro gastrointestinal model. A human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2) was cultured in digestive fluid with or without soil residue (pre-equilibrated with the soil) for 2 h. A large proportion of the contaminants (37-68%) was sorbed on the digested residue. Without this residue, 66 ± 13% of DDXs and 73 ± 14% of PAHs dissolved in the fluid, as means and standard deviations, were absorbed by the cell monolayer after exposure. With both digestive fluid and residue, the sorbed fraction of PAHs and DDXs decreased by 38-92%, while the ratios of the cellular to the dissolved concentrations were 2.7-2.8 times higher than those without the residue. This supported the hypothesis that the cell absorption of dissolved HOCs induces desorption of the sorbed fraction from digestive residue, and the desorbed HOCs can be absorbed as well.