Phenanthrene sorption/desorption sequences provide new insight to explain high sorption coefficients in field studies

The sorption coefficients obtained in field investigation vary greatly from laboratory sorption experiments. The possible reasons were discussed in literature. Observing the commonly reported desorption hysteresis, this study proposed that the unclear sorption history of the field study could also result in the diverse sorption coefficients. This study conducted a comparative study regarding phenanthrene sorption/desorption behavior in low-concentration multi-time sorption process and the commonly applied high-concentration one-time sorption process. The sorption coefficients determined during the desorption process were much higher than those at sorption process. Thus, the prediction of sorption coefficient should be related with sorption history. Desorption hysteresis was increased with increased equilibration time and decreased solid-phase concentration. In addition, although the apparent contact time between sorbate and sorbent was shorter for low-concentration multi-time sorption, the desorption hysteresis was much stronger, which consequently result in higher sorption coefficients in comparison to high-concentration one-time sorption. Pore swelling or diffusion-controlled sorption kinetics could not explain this phenomenon. This study calls for research attention on sorption history, especially for field investigations.     

Ca2+对生物膜形态结构及其组分的影响

通过向序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中投加Ca2+,考察Ca2+对生物膜形态结构及其组分的影响,探究Ca2+在生物膜形成中的作用影响规律及其对生物膜反应器运行的影响,以期能为含钙废水处理及优化废水处理效果提供理论指导。研究结果表明,Ca2+浓度增加有助于生物膜形成,并提高生物膜结构致密性;连续少量增加Ca2+(1~2 mg/L)有助于挂膜初期(约10 d)有机物去除;然而Ca2+浓度过高则会抑制生物膜活性,影响其降解性:当Ca2+浓度超过120 mg/L时,氨氮去除率出现下降,当Ca2+浓度超过280 mg/L时,有机物和总氮去除率显著下降。对生物膜及其胞外多聚物(EPS)组分的分析表明,Ca2+不会刺激微生物分泌产生更多EPS,但会导致生物膜干重增加。     

鄱阳湖越冬鸟类种群动态与保护研究

目前为止缺少对鄱阳湖全湖冬候鸟的种群动态和群落方面的研究分析,拟通过对鄱阳湖冬候鸟群落多样性和种群动态的分析,为该地区冬候鸟及其栖息地保护提出建设性建议。2010～2012年冬季,通过采用直接计数法和样线法调查鄱阳湖湿地冬季碟形湖内的越冬鸟类群落结构。总共记录到越冬鸟类88种,另有29种属于文献报道但本次调查中未发现的种类。总共117种鸟类分别属于目、鹈形目、鹳形目、雁形目、鹤形目、鸻行目和佛法僧目。在鄱阳湖,种类和数量分布最多的是冬候鸟,达到78种。小天鹅、鸿雁、豆雁、白额雁、绿翅鸭和斑嘴鸭是鄱阳湖湿地越冬鸟类中的绝对优势种,鸟类个体数量最多的冬季蝶形湖泊主要包括鄱阳湖自然保护区的蚌湖、大湖池、沙湖和大汊湖,都昌县的黄金嘴,南矶山湿地自然保护区的白沙湖,余干县的林充湖和南湖,以及鄱阳县的珠湖。各种越冬鸟类在鄱阳湖湿地的种群数量分布差异主要是与各碟形湖水位的高低和食物的分布密切相关。只有在冬季开始后,使碟形湖洼地的水位逐渐降低,越冬鸟类才能够更有效的利用湖泊中的食物     

Environmental characteristics and land-use pattern changes of the Old Huanghe River delta,eastern China,in the sixteenth to twentieth centuries

The interaction between human and land in estuarine–coastal areas has become a focus of the global change research. Since the sixteenth century, the Old Huanghe River delta has experienced rapid accretion, the formation of rich ecological resources and diverse land use pattern changes; such information, in combination with a large number of historical documents, provides a unique research area for revealing the processes for ecosystem–human changes. We use historical documents and adopt multidisciplinary methods, to identify the relationship between ecosystem changes and human activities, on the basis of spatial and temporal analysis, for in the Old Huanghe River delta region. The results indicate that, in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, the long-term monopolistic development pattern under the government leadership, which occupied large quantities of ecological resources, controlled the coastal salt industry and marsh land exploitation. However, along with the delta ecosystem change and population growth, the development pattern became gradually unsustainable, i.e., the salt industry migrated toward the north, while the farming activities migrated toward the south with enhanced intensity of marsh reclamation. The government monopoly collapsed in the late nineteenth century, which enlarged the independent development space for the local residents, which, to a large extent, improved the land-use efficiency and reduced the population pressure.     

Displacement and competitive sorption of organic pollutants on multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Displacement of lindane presorbed on the pristine and OH-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by phenanthrene, naphthalene, and atrazine, and competition of these compounds with lindane on the aforementioned sorbents were investigated. Displacement of lindane presorbed on MWCNTs by atrazine, naphthalene, and phenanthrene, and competitive sorption effect of these chemicals with lindane on MWCNTs followed the same order: atrazine > naphthalene > phenanthrene. The lowest competition and displacement of lindane by phenanthrene were mainly because of the strong interactions between these two chemicals, whereas interaction of lindane with atrazine and naphthalene was quite low. The more pronounced displacement of lindane by atrazine than naphthalene and higher competitive sorption of lindane with atrazine than with naphthalene can be ascribed to the larger molecular volume of atrazine; thus, the steric hindrance effect is higher relative to naphthalene. This study is valuable for evaluating influence of the coexisting organic compounds on sorption of primary solute towards MWCNTs in the environment.     

LAS对土壤中多环芳烃吸附行为的影响

研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）对PAHs在士壤中吸附行为的影响。结果表明，LAS改变了PAHs在土水体系中的吸附／解吸平衡，吸附态LAS可提高土壤对PAHs的吸附，而溶解态LAS则增加了PAHs的表观溶解度，这2种作用的综合结果改变了PAHs在土水体系中的吸附系数。凶此，文中用表观吸附系数来描述PAHs在土壤-水-LAS体系中的综合吸附行为。     

Using nanoscale zero-valent iron for the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated soil

The sites contaminated with recalcitrant organic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with multiple benzene rings, are colossal and ubiquitous environmental problems. They are relatively nonbiodegradable and mutagenic, and 16 of them are listed in the U.S. Environment Protection Agency priority pollutants. Thus, the efficient and emerging remediation technologies for removal of PAHs in contaminated sites have to be uncovered urgently. In this decade, the zero-valent iron (ZVI) particles have been used successfully in the laboratory, pilot, and field, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons and remediation of the other pollutants. Nevertheless, as far as we know, little research has investigated for soil remediation; this study used nanoscale ZVI particles to remove pyrene in the soil. The experimental variables were determined, including reaction time, iron particle size, and dosage. From the results, both the micro- and nanoscales of ZVI were capable of removing the target compound in soil, but the higher removal efficiencies were by nanoscale ZVI because of the massive specific surface area. The optimal operating conditions to attain the best removal efficiency of pyrene were obtained while adding nanoscale ZVI 0.1 g/g soil within 60 min and 150 rpm of mixing. Thus, nanoscale ZVI has proved to be a promising remedy for PAH-contaminated soil in this study, as well as an optimistically predictable application for additional pilot and field studies.     

狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+与Pb2+的吸附及机理分析

为了解狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)活性炭的吸附性能及其机理,采用磷酸一步活化法制备了狭叶香蒲活性炭,并对其理化性质进行了表征;通过静态实验,研究了溶液起始pH、Cd2+和Pb2+浓度、吸附时间、温度、活性炭剂量对狭叶香蒲活性炭吸附水溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的影响。狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附量随溶液起始pH与温度的增加而增加,吸附平衡时间约为10 min;热力学分析表明,吸附过程自发而且吸热,吸附动力学实验结果符合拟二级动力学模型, Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好地拟合狭叶香蒲活性炭对Cd2+的吸附, Pb2+的平衡吸附量与Freundlich模型的拟合性更好。25℃条件下,由Langmuir线性模型拟合得到的Cd2+和Pb2+最大吸附量Qm分别为83.33和116.28 mg/g。狭叶香蒲活性炭的理化性质分析表明,活性炭表面凹凸不平、多孔,比表面积为780.42 m2/g、孔容23.29 mL/g、平均孔径3.14 nm;活性炭含有羟基、磷酸基、C[FY=, 1]C键等,等电点为3.3。结果表明,狭叶香蒲活性炭是Cd2+和Pb2+吸附的有效吸附剂,吸附过程包括静电吸附、离子交换等。     

水胺硫磷工业废水的酸性水解处理研究

水胺硫磷工业废水中 ,有机磷和硫化物含量均 >10 0 0 0mg/L ,COD高达 5 5 0 0 0mg/L左右 ,NH3 N在 4 0 0 0 0mg/L左右 ,BOD/COD仅为 0 .0 5 ,属典型难生物降解废水。本文采用常压酸性水解和脱氨除磷工艺处理该废水 ,有机磷、硫化物、NH3 N和总磷等去除率均 >90 % ,COD去除率达到 5 0 %以上 ,废水可生化性提高 ;同时 ,可回收得到硫氢化钠、氨水等物质 ,使废水资源得到了综合利用     

凹凸棒石-钢渣复合滤料用于农村分散式生活污水脱氮除磷

针对分散式农村生活污水,开展了凹凸棒石-钢渣复合滤料脱氮除磷的室内研究,采用批式实验确认了最佳复配比例,探讨了环境因素（反应时间、初始pH值、水温和阴离子表面活性剂（AS））的影响,并采用滤柱实验分析了复合滤料的长期运行效果。结果表明,凹凸棒石：钢渣比宜采用6：1（质量比）。反应时间显著影响复合滤料的脱氮除磷效果,且反应时间可采用2 h。初始pH值显著影响脱氮除磷效果,中性条件有利于脱氮,而碱性条件有利于除磷。水温明显影响脱氮效果,但较小影响除磷效果。AS基本未影响脱氮效果,但显著影响除磷效果。滤柱的NH4+-N和P去除率分别达90.5%~94.2%和61.3%~64.2%。凹凸棒石-钢渣复配滤料具有连续稳定地脱氮除磷能力,且最佳HRT宜采用1.25 h。