新疆油田采出水处理技术

近几年新疆油田研究成功对采出水的处理技术,根据油田采出水水质特点、水处理药剂的反应机理、水处理药剂与原水的混合机理、絮体长大的机理及絮体沉淀的机理,采用了稠油污水微涡旋处理技术,高效水质净化与稳定技术等,处理后的污水又用于回注,降低了运行成本,减少了环境污染。     

氨电极测定空气中氨的方法研究

本文对氨电极测定空气中氨的方法进行了研究，确定了最佳分析条件。分析方法的精密度，其平均变异系数为４７％；平均回收率为９９８％，测定结果与纳氏试剂比色法无显著性差异，该方法适用于空气中氨的测定。     

安全是最好的效益

有些人总认为安全投入增加生产成本,安全规定影响生产进度,安全或多或少的影响经济效益.其实不然,安全是最好的经济效益. 安全的经济效益可以从以下几个方面看出来:     

Derivative spectrophotometric method for copper determination

A simple, sensitive and selective method by solvent extraction-first derivative spectrophotometry is described for the determination of microamounts of copper in water by means of its reaction and extraction at pH 8.0 with 3-(4-phenyl-2-pyridinyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazine) (PPT) and picrate (2,4,6-trinitro-phenol) into 1,2-dichloroethane. Copper was thus determined in the range 7.5–350 ng/ml with a detection limits (3) of 2.3 ng/ml. The relative standard deviations were in all instances less than 2.0%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of copper in several kinds of water.     

Source apportionment in oil spill remediation

A pipe rupture during unloading led to a spillage of 350-700 tonnes of Ca?o Limon, a light sweet crude oil, into San Vicente Bay in 2007. Initial clean-up methods removed the majority of the oil from the sandy beaches although some oil remained on the rocky shores. It was necessary for the responsible party to clean the spilled oil even though at this location there were already crude oil hydrocarbons from previous industrial activity. A biosolvent based on vegetable oil derivatives was used to solubilise the remaining oil and a statistical approach to source apportionment was used to determine the efficacy of the cleaning. Sediment and contaminated rock samples were taken prior to cleaning and again at the same locations two days after application of the biosolvent. The oil was extracted using a modified USEPA Method 3550B. The alkanes were quantified together with oil biomarkers on a GC-MS. The contribution that Ca?o Limon made to the total oil hydrocarbons was calculated from a Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis using Ca?o Limon crude oil as the source. By the time the biosolvent was applied, there had already been some attenuation of the oil with all alkanes 相似文献   

基于Visual Basic.NET的油气事故应急资源需求预测支持决策系统

针对油气事故后应急资源需求预测困难的问题,在对油气事故特性及应急资源需求类型分析的基础上,构建了基于案例推理(CBR)的油气事故应急资源需求预测模型,并使用Visual Basic.NET及SQL Server数据库开发了油气事故应急资源需求预测支持决策系统。将该系统应用于实际油气事故案例进行验证,结果表明系统中应急资源需求预测模型科学可靠,系统对油气事故应急资源需求预测结果与其实际用量基本吻合。该系统可为油气事故后快速有效开展应急救援活动提供相应的理论依据。     

Tracing the impact of stack configuration on interface resistances in reverse electrodialysis by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• RED performance and stack resistance were studied by EIS and LSV. • Interface resistance were discriminated from Ohmic resistance by EIS. • Impacts of spacer shadow effect and concentration polarization were analyzed. • Ionic short current reduced the power density for more cell pairs. • The results enabled to predict RED performance with different configurations. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based technology for the production of renewable energy from mixing waters with different salinities. Herein, the impact of the stack configuration on the Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances as well as the performance of RED were systematically studied by using in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three different parameters (membrane type, number of cell pairs and spacer design) were controlled. The Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances were evaluated for RED stacks equipped with two types of commercial membranes (Type I and Type II) supplied by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V: Type I Fuji membranes displayed higher Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances than Type II membranes, which was mainly attributed to the difference in fixed charge density. The output power of the stack was observed to decrease with the increasing number of cell pairs mainly due to the increase in ionic shortcut currents. With the reduction in spacer thickness from 750 to 200 µm, the permselectivity of membranes in the stack decreased from 0.86 to 0.79 whereas the energy efficiency losses increased from 31% to 49%. Overall, the output of the present study provides a basis for understanding the impact of stack design on internal losses during the scaling-up of RED.     

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments of the East China Sea bays

The coastal area of the East China Sea has experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization in China since 1980 s, resulting in severe pollution of its environments.Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) are regarded as a kind of emerging pollutant with potential high risk. The sediment samples were collected from Hangzhou Bay(HB),Xiangshan Bay(XB), and Taizhou Bay(TB) to investigate the spatial occurrence and distribution of 27 ARGs and class I integron–integrase gene(intI1) in the coastal area of the East China Sea. The PCR results showed the frequent presence of 11 ARGs and intI1 in the sediments of the three bays. The qPCR results further showed that sulfonamide resistance was the most prevalent ARG type and antibiotic target replacement and protection were the most important resistance mechanisms in the sediments. Regarding the subtype of ARGs, sulI, tetW, and dfrA13 were the most abundant ARGs, in which sulI was higher in TB(based on both the absolute and relative abundances) and dfrA13 was higher in HB(based on the relative abundances). The network analysis revealed that intI1 had significant correlations with tetC, sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. Oil was the key connected factor, which had positive connections with sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. In addition, the joint effect of heavy metals and nutrients organic pollutants might be crucial for the fate of ARGs in the coastal sediments.     

伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设对生态服务价值的影响

采用生态系统服务价值计算方法,估算伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设前后生态服务价值变化.结果显示:草地退化前,示范区生态服务价值为64.0万元·a-1;近几十年由于超载过牧草地,生物量明显下降,2003年生态服务价值降至45.9万元.示范区建设以后,生态服务价值显著提高.与草地退化前相比,2006年生态服务价值增长64.5%;与草地退化后相比,生态服务价值增长129.2%,主要由生态服务间接利用价值提供.表明伊犁河流域林业生态科技示范区建设提升了该区生态服务价值,生态经济效益显著.     

Determination of toxic cyclic heptapeptides by liquid chromatography with detection using ultra-violet, protein phosphatase assay and tandem mass spectrometry

Microcystins, toxic cyclic heptapeptides and nodularin-R, a toxic cyclic pentapeptide, were determined using liquid chromatography (LC) with detection using photo-diode array ultra-violet (PDA-UV) and protein phosphatase (PP) assay. Positive fractions were analysed for toxins using collision-induced dissociation (CID) and tandem MS/MS experiments which were carried out simultaneously using electrospray ion-trap instrumentation. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) using an acetonitrile/water gradient was used for the LC-MS(2) determination of six microcystins standards and nodularin. The molecular related ion species, [M+H](+)([M+2H](2+) in the case of MC-RR), were used as the precursor ions for MS(2) experiments. Optimum calibration and reproducibility data were obtained for MC-LR using LC-MS(2); 0.1-5.0 microg/ml, r2 = 0.992 (n = 3); % RSD < or =7.3 at 0.25 microg MC-LR/ml (n = 3). The detection limit (S/N = 3) was better than 0.1 ng. Water samples for microcystin analysis were first screened using protein phosphatase (PP) assays and positives were concentrated using C-18 solid-phase extraction. The developed method was applied to examine a lake in Ireland contaminated by Microcystis sp. and MC-LR and MC-LA were identified.