麦芽糊精修饰测酚酪氨酸酶膜电极的研制

研究了用麦芽糊精修饰的电流型酪氨酸酶膜电极测水中酚类污染物质的方法。电极的工作条件为 :工作电位- 1 0 0mV ,工作pH值 5 4 0 ,测量时间 3min。在此测量条件下 ,所研制电极对苯酚浓度的检测下限为 1 0 0×1 0 - 6 mol L ,线性区间为 1 0 0× 1 0 - 6 ～ 1 0 0× 1 0 - 4mol L ,精密度和准确度良好 ,分别为 2 5 %和 0 2 0 % ,并具有一定的抗阴阳离子干扰的能力。此电极对其它酚类物质如邻苯二酚、对氯苯酚、间甲酚等都有良好的响应。在使用 72h后 ,电极响应最好 ,1周后电极仍可用于检测     

Structure and diversity of Erica ciliaris and Erica tetralix heathlands at different successional stages after cutting

In NW Europe, it is known that cutting is a useful tool for managers with regard to decisions about the conservation and management of wet heathlands. Nevertheless it is rarely described quantitatively in the international literature. In Spain, knowledge about this is scarce or lacking. In this study, twenty communities were selected in Galicia (NW Spain) that would represent from one to four stages of vegetation development after cutting. Two 5?×?5?m plots were established for each stage to characterise the vegetation on the basis of its species composition, frequency values, vertical structure and linear cover features. The Diversity Shannon index was calculated and multivariate analyses were performed. As succession advanced, notable changes were produced in the cover of dominant species, Erica ciliaris and Ulex gallii in the first stages and Erica tetralix and Genista berberidea in mature ones. Also, the species richness decreased because of the reduced number of herbs species in the mature stages and, finally, the cover values are indicators of the degree of vegetation development, together with the other parameters of height, overlayering or diversity. Cutting is a useful tool for management of heathlands because the existence of vegetation units belonging to different succession stages increases the internal diversity of communities. On the other hand, the vertical and horizontal structure reflects the formidable resilience of the vegetation community to this practice. This study offers a global vision of the dynamics of wet heathlands after cutting, with very useful ecological information that can be used by the people responsible for their management.     

大型烧结机头电除尘器提效改造探讨

本文针对320m^2烧结机头电除尘器烟气、烟尘的特点,以及该电除尘器存在的关键问题,着重介绍在改造上采用新的除尘技术和方法,使改造后的电除尘器能够满足机头工艺除尘的要求,达到提效净化烟气达标排放的目的。     

Comparative analysis of the street generation of inorganic urban solid waste (IUSW) in two neighborhoods of Mexico City

Inorganic urban solid waste (IUSW) is a serious problem in developing countries, and IUSW in the street that does not have adequate final disposal is responsible for serious environmental effects. The aim of this work was to determine the dynamics of the generation of IUSW in the streets of two neighborhoods of different socioeconomic strata in Mexico City during 5 weeks in 2006. The amount of IUSW was recorded every day from 9:00 to 12:00 h, separated, classified, and registered. It was found that plastic (50%) and paper (44.5%) wastes were found most frequently, whereas, textiles (0.4%) and glass (0.5%) wastes were present less frequently in all samples. The IUSWs without commercial brands were more abundant. Branded plastic wrappers of PepsiCo and Bimbo, as well as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers of Coca Cola, registered the highest values, while Gatorade, Barrilitos, and Peñafiel registered the lowest. The neighborhood with a higher income and more vegetation on sidewalks or in jardinières, which are used to hide solid waste, had more IUSW than the neighborhood with lower income, where IUSW was thrown out directly into the street. The knowledge of the real generation and composition of IUSW will contribute to the prevention of its negative environmental and social impacts, as well as guarantee the efficiency of its sustainable management.     

CF-TiO2的制备及其在模拟太阳光下的光催化性能

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和氟化钠分别为碳源和氟源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了CF-TiO2光催化剂,并对其进行了SEM、XRD、N2吸附、XPS、UV-visDRS和PL表征。研究了CF-TiO2在模拟太阳光下光催化降解亚甲基蓝溶液的活性,并讨论了氟掺杂量以及CTAB加入量对催化性能的影响。结果表明,CF-TiO2为锐钛矿型,孔结构丰富、比表面积大,氟碳共掺后使TiO2光催化剂的禁带宽度变窄为2.40 eV,在可见光区吸收增强,有效提高TiO2在模拟太阳光下的光催化活性,而且当n(F/Ti)(氟钛摩尔比)为0.1,加入碳源CTAB量为2 g时,其光催化活性最好。     

采油废水厌氧处理系统的微生物群落特征

为了深入认识石油烃的厌氧降解过程,利用分子生物学技术分析了大庆油田采油废水处理系统厌氧池和进水中的微生物群落特征。基于DGGE和克隆文库的分析结果均表明,厌氧生物膜中存在的古菌源自于采油废水。厌氧生物膜和采油废水中的古菌主要是产甲烷菌,包括嗜甲基的Methanomethylovorans thermophila和利用氢和甲酸的Methanolinea tarda。值得注意的是,氢营养型的M.tarda在厌氧生物膜中得到了富集。进水和厌氧生物膜中的细菌群落结构明显不同。进水中的主要细菌类群为Epsilonproteobacteria,而生物膜中的主要类群为Nitrospira和Deltaproteobacteria。在厌氧生物膜中发现许多与产甲烷古菌(尤其是氢营养型产甲烷菌)协同降解石油烃类物质的细菌相关克隆:其中一个克隆与Syntrophus具有较高的同源性,该类菌是产甲烷菌介导的厌氧烃降解微生物区系中的关键细菌;许多Deltaproteobacteria克隆属于group TA类群,该类群细菌主要参与芳香族化合物产甲烷菌介导的厌氧降解过程。这些结果表明,在大庆油田采油废水厌氧处理系统中已经建立起由产甲烷菌所介导的厌氧石油烃降解的微生物区系。     

Anatomical and physiological responses of Colorado blue spruce to vehicle exhausts

In order to examine whether the leaves of the Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) are damaged or not by traffic pollution, the traits of the anatomy and physiology of its leaves are investigated by exposure to vehicle exhausts in a laboratory experiment lasting 30 days. The results show that both the anatomical structures and physiological traits of the leaves are significantly affected by vehicle exhausts. The anatomical structures, including epidermis, cuticle, palisade, and spongy parenchyma are modified when exposed to the high concentrations (≥0.4 mg/m³) of vehicle exhausts. However, physiological traits such as total chlorophyll content are not changed when exposed to different concentrations of vehicle exhaust. Unlike the total chlorophyll content, the electrical conductivities increased, whereas the POD activities decreased when presented in vehicle exhausts. The present study indicates that the Colorado blue spruce changes its anatomical structures and physiological traits to avoid possible damage by vehicle exhausts.     

Source apportionment in oil spill remediation

A pipe rupture during unloading led to a spillage of 350-700 tonnes of Ca?o Limon, a light sweet crude oil, into San Vicente Bay in 2007. Initial clean-up methods removed the majority of the oil from the sandy beaches although some oil remained on the rocky shores. It was necessary for the responsible party to clean the spilled oil even though at this location there were already crude oil hydrocarbons from previous industrial activity. A biosolvent based on vegetable oil derivatives was used to solubilise the remaining oil and a statistical approach to source apportionment was used to determine the efficacy of the cleaning. Sediment and contaminated rock samples were taken prior to cleaning and again at the same locations two days after application of the biosolvent. The oil was extracted using a modified USEPA Method 3550B. The alkanes were quantified together with oil biomarkers on a GC-MS. The contribution that Ca?o Limon made to the total oil hydrocarbons was calculated from a Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis using Ca?o Limon crude oil as the source. By the time the biosolvent was applied, there had already been some attenuation of the oil with all alkanes 相似文献   

车载顶空-气相色谱质谱法在水体挥发性有机污染物应急监测中的应用

建立了车载顶空-气相色谱质谱法(GC/MS)测定水中22种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的方法,顶空平衡温度和平衡时间的最优设置分别为80℃和30 min。该方法各目标化合物分离良好,在目标化合物质量浓度5~100μg/L范围内,线性良好,相关系数均0.995,方法的检出限为1.16~2.88μg/L,RSD为7.71%~26.5%,加标回收率为52.3%~129%,能够满足应急监测工作的需要。     

Surface ozone comparison conducted in two rural areas in central-southern Spain

Purpose  

The purpose of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the photochemical air pollution analysing the levels and temporal variations of surface ozone in two rural areas situated in central-southern Spain.