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351.
    
Atmospheric carbonyls were measured at a typical rural area of the North China Plain (NCP) from November 13 to December 24, 2017 to investigate the pollution characteristics, sources and environmental implications. Fifteen carbonyls were detected, and formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone accounted for about 81% at most. The concentration of the total carbonyls in heavily polluted days was twice more than that in clean days. In contrast to other carbonyls, m-tolualdehyde exhibited relatively high concentrations in the clean days in comparison with the polluted days. The ratios of three principal carbonyls to CO showed similar daily variations at different pollution levels with significant daytime peaks. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the contributions of background, primary and secondary sources to three principal carbonyls showed similar variation trends from the clean level to the heavily polluted level. The OH formation rate of formaldehyde showed a similar variation trend to its photodegradation rate, reaching the peak value at noon, which is important to maintain relatively high OH levels to initiate the oxidation of various gas-phase pollutants for secondary pollutant formation at the rural site. OH radical consumption rate and ozone formation potential (OFP) calculations showed that formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the dominant oxidative species among measured carbonyls. As for OH radical consumption, n-butyraldehyde and m-tolualdehyde were important contributors, while for ozone formation potential, n-butyraldehyde and propionaldehyde made significant contributions. In addition, the contribution of carbonyl compounds to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation was also important and needs further investigation.  相似文献   
352.
重金属镉污染土壤的微生物影响研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
镉污染严重影响了土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤基础呼吸、土壤酶活性以及种群结构,破坏了土壤微生物的正常组成区系,抑制了土壤微生物代谢功能,降低了土壤微生物活性,造成土壤重金属污染,威胁到人类生活健康。近二十年来,研究土壤微生物与土壤重金属污染之间的关系已成为国内外环境科学领域的一个热点,而镉污染对土壤微生物生物量、微生物活性、群落结构影响研究也已取得一定进展,可为镉污染土壤微生物修复技术提供理论依据。  相似文献   
353.
    
Atmosphericmixing ratios of carbonyl sulfide (COS) in Beijingwere intensivelymeasured from March 2011 to June 2013. COS mixing ratios exhibited distinct seasonal variation, with a maximumaverage value of 849 ± 477 pptv in winter and a minimal value of 372 ± 115 pptv in summer. The seasonal variation of COS was mainly ascribed to the combined effects of vegetation uptake and anthropogenic emissions. Two types of significant linear correlations (R2 > 0.66) were found between COS and CO during the periods from May to June and from October to March, with slopes (ΔCOS/ΔCO) of 0.72 and 0.14 pptv/ppbv, respectively. Based on the emission ratios of COS/CO from various sources, the dominant anthropogenic sources of COS in Beijing were found to be vehicle tire wear in summer and coal burning in winter. The total anthropogenic emission of COS in Beijing was roughly estimated as 0.53 ± 0.02 Gg/year based on the local CO emission inventory and the ΔCOS/ΔCO ratios.  相似文献   
354.
分子生态学技术的发展大大促进了人们对环境中微生物群落的认识,也为研究油藏微生物群落提供了一个新的工具.在模拟油藏条件下,应用PCRDGGE技术研究激活剂的注入对油藏微生物群落结构的影响,考察了激活过程中菌群结构的变化情况.分析了常压(1 MPa)和高压(10 MPa)下内源激活DGGE条带变化,进行了激活过程中的PCR序列分析,考察了激活不同阶段中的优势菌,将优势条带序列构建系统发育树,并对激活过程中主要内源菌所在类群分析.结果表明,高压条件下,优势菌群结构与常压下差异较大,常压激活和高压激活细菌类群数量变化差异显著;激活后,优势菌的种类有所增加,群落结构也发生了变化.激活前,优势菌是芽孢杆菌,而激活剂的加入使变形菌的在种类上得到增加.  相似文献   
355.
    
Photochemical production of carbonyl sulfide(COS),carbon disulfide(CS_2) and dimethyl sulfide(DMS) was intensively studied in the water from the Aohai Lake of Beijing city.The lake water was found to be highly supersaturated with COS,CS_2 and DMS,with their initial concentrations of 0.91 ± 0.073 nmol/L,0.55 ± 0.071 nmol/L and 0.37 ± 0.062 nmol/L,respectively.The evident photochemical production of COS and CS_2 in the lake water under irradiation of 365 nm and 302 nm indicated that photochemical production of them might be the reason for their supersaturation.The similar dependence of wavelength and oxygen for photochemical production of COS,CS_2 and DMS implied that they might be from the same precursors.The water cage effect was found to favor COS production but inhibit CS_2and DMS formation,indicating that COS photochemical production was mainly from direct degradation of the precursors and the formation of CS_2 and DMS needed intermediates via combination of carbon-centered radicals and sulfur-centered radicals.The above assumptions were further confirmed by simulation experiments with addition of carbonyls and amino acids(cysteine and methionine),and the photochemical formation mechanisms for COS,CS_2 and DMS in water were derived from the investigations.  相似文献   
356.
《危险化学品目录》制修订的探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
介绍我国目前实施的《危险化学品名录(2002版)》和《剧毒化学品目录(2002版)》,以及《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(GHS制度)中化学品危险性分类情况,分析当前危险化学品目录与GHS制度中化学品危险性分类的差别。介绍欧盟、日本等发达国家和地区进行危险化学品GHS分类的成功经验,为我国当前危险化学品目录制修订工作提出技术性建议。  相似文献   
357.
在研究京津地区排污河网有机污染物的分布时,建立了非定向河网水质模式,并在计算中引入了相关矩阵和递归函数的概念,使模式的计算过程简化,解决了由于河水流向不定带来的问题。  相似文献   
358.
Great attention should be paid to the possible impacts of various nanoparticles on aquatic organism. Freshwater diatoms are essential components of phytoplankton and play a critical role in bioassessment of nanoparticle exposure in the environment. In this study, cell growth was inhibited by TiO2-NPs and MWCNTs, the 24?h EC50 values of TiO2-NPs and MWCNTs to Nitzschia frustulum were 20.75 and 24.64?mg?L?1, respectively. Significant decreases of Chl a content after TiO2-NPs exposures were detected and the Chl a content of N. frustulum was obviously increased by MWCNTs treatment at lower concentration. The ROS was detected in N. frustulum after TiO2-NPs and MWCNTs exposures. The MDA content was significantly induced by TiO2-NPs at lower concentrations of 24 and 48?h exposure; meanwhile, it increased at all tested concentrations at 24?h MWCNTs exposure. The SOD enzyme was induced by 72 and 96?h TiO2-NPs exposure, and increased by MWCNTs treatment at 96?h in N. frustulum. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that N. frustulum had obvious cell deformation after TiO2-NPs treatment. The result showed that the physiological and biochemical response mechanisms after NPs exposure of diatom were species-specific, and in relation to the exposure concentration and time.  相似文献   
359.
阎炎  栗欣 《环境化学》1996,15(5):451-456
本文首次研究高浓度盐基体中,大量盐的存在对无机阴离子的保留时间,峰高峰面积等参数的影响规律,并对其影响机理进行了初步探讨,实验证明,在样品中离子总浓度不超过柱容量孤情况下,虽然由于某些离子的浓度过高,使待测离子的保留时间变短,峰形改变,但用峰面积和标准加入外推法计算,仍可得到较即的结果。  相似文献   
360.
微塑料污染是近年来受到国际社会广泛关注的海洋环境问题之一,由微塑料造成的生态和人类健康风险不容小觑,但微塑料对鱼类的长期危害目前尚无定论.为评估微塑料颗粒对海洋鱼类的长期影响,选取塑料生产和环境中常见的聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)为研究对象,对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)60 dph(days post hatching,dph)幼鱼进行了为期50 d的长期暴露,系统研究PS暴露对海水青鳉亲代的生长、繁殖和子代胚胎发育等的影响.结果显示,在粒径为10μm、浓度为1×104 parti-cles·L-1和1×105 particles·L-1暴露条件下,PS处理组亲代体长和体质量的改变与对照组相比无显著差异,PS暴露未显著影响亲代性成熟进程和受精过程;PS暴露未显著影响子代胚胎心率和孵化时间,但能显著降低子代孵化率,造成胚胎发育畸形.上述结果表明,PS长期暴露对亲代生长和繁殖未产生明显影响,但对子代的胚胎发育具有不利影响,研究结果为科学评估海洋微塑料污染的生态风险提供了重要参考.  相似文献   
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