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361.
The ecological risks of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aquatic sediments will vary with both toxicity and bioavailability
to aquatic biota. While there are standardized protocols to test the acute toxicity of sediment-borne compounds to aquatic
invertebrates, there are none for assessing bioavailability to fish. We found that sediment-borne PAH caused an exposure-dependent
induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) enzymes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings exposed in semi-static 96 h bioassays, as shown by increased activity of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD). Assuming that PAH are taken up by trout due to partitioning from organic and inorganic constituents of
sediments, we tested the effect of different test variables on bioaccumulation using induction as an index of exposure. EROD
activity increased with exposure of fish to increasing volumes of sediments containing PAH, i.e., with increasing ratios of
sediment to water. Uptake of single compounds from sandy sediments did not differ from uptake from clay or low organic (7%
LOI — loss on ignition) sediments, but decreased when organic content was very high (58% LOI). Maximum induction was observed
within 24~h of exposure and at 7.5^C relative to 15, 22, or 28^C. Storage and handling techniques had minor effects on sediment
EROD induction potency. Absolute EROD activity was greater in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) a benthic species, than in trout, a pelagic species. However, when basal (negative control) activity was accounted for,
there was no difference in response between the species. Together, these experiments provide a basis for developing a standard
protocol to test the bioavailability to fish of sediment-borne PAH. 相似文献
362.
Schneider RP Morano SC Gigena MA Missawa SK Rocha RC Da Silva LR Ellert N Kataoka S Katsuragi C Rosa Cda S Filho LC 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,116(1-3):21-52
Five priority areas of potential impact by contaminants (API) were investigated at the Presidente Bernardes Refinery in Cubatão, São Paulo, Brazil with the following aims: (i) to identify both organic and inorganic contaminants present in soil and groundwater; (ii) to define the environmental conditions relevant for microbial activity at the site and (iii) to evaluate the feasibility of employing natural attenuation for treatment of the hydrocarbon contamination. One area (API 1) was an uncontrolled landfill, where waste materials from the refinery were deposited between 1954 and 1986, and four areas (API 4, 5, 7 and 11) were located in the operational section of the refinery. Soil contamination by regulated BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, total xylenes) was restricted to two samples from API 1. Nonregulated ethylbenzene was detected in one soil sample from API 4, one from API 5 and two from API 1. No soil contained regulated PAH above threshold levels. Several nonregulated PAHs were found in 6 soil samples from API 1, 3 soil samples from API 4 and 1 soil sample from API 5. Site soils contained very high aluminium concentrations, but metal contamination was restricted to one soil sample from API 1, which contained nickel above threshold limits. BTEX contamination of groundwater was due mostly to benzene. Of the 17 PAH molecules tested, only naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene occurred in groundwater. The sum of total BTEX and total PAH exceeded 200 μg/L in only a few monitoring wells in API 4, 5 and 11 and was always below 2.640 μg/L. Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Se, Ag, Tl and Zn were not detected in groundwater, which was contaminated in a few locations by aluminium (mostly below 1 mg/L), lead (<0.066 mg/L) and arsenic (<0.056 mg/L). S, K, Ca, Mg and Fe were present in groundwater in excess of physiological requirements for microbial growth, but low concentrations of N and P could become growth limiting. However, BTEX were efficiently degraded in saturated and unsaturated zone microcosms and nutrient amendments did not stimulate biodegradation rates measurably. The inorganic carbon pool in groundwater was up to one order of magnitude larger than the organic carbon pool. Total inorganic carbon (TIC) in API groundwater exceeded TIC of clean groundwater by factors of 2 (API 4), 6 (API 5, 7 and 11) or 10 (API 1). Most of the inorganic carbon incorporated into groundwater beneath the refinery originated from biodegradation in the unsaturated soil, which contained a microbiota (106 cells/g on average) capable of growth with most of the pure (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) and mixed hydrocarbons tested (diesel oil, gasoline, naphtha, condensate, aromatic residue and fuel oil). A viscous hydrocarbon paste uncovered in API 1 was insoluble in water but dissolved in dichloromethane. Many organic components of this paste were biodegradable as evidenced by weight reduction of the hydrocarbon paste and by the growth of suspended and attached biomass in saturated zone microcosms, where the paste was the only carbon source. This study indicates that monitored natural attenuation may be a technically feasible and efficient means for plume control in API 1, 4 and 5, provided the plumes in API 4 and 5 are not expanding. This technique is not suitable for contaminant reduction in API 11. 相似文献
363.
Calvo-Iglesias MS Fra-Paleo U Crecente-Maseda R Díaz-Varela RA 《Environmental management》2006,38(6):921-933
The aim of this work is the analysis of the dynamics in cultural landscapes, focused on the spatial distribution of changes
in land cover and landscape patterns, and their possible linkages. These dynamics have been analyzed for the years 1957 and
2000 in a sector of the north of Galicia (NW Spain) characterized with diverse landscapes. Afforestation processes linked
to agriculture abandonment and forestry specialization were the main processes observed in the study area, with the exception
of the southern mountainous sector that was dominated by ploughing of scrubland for conversion into grassland, reflecting
a specialization in livestock production. The structural changes that have taken place in most of the study area were related
to the heterogeneity aspects, although the mountainous sectors were characterized by changes in heterogeneity and fragmentation.
According to the tests performed, the comparison of the spatial distribution of both dynamics showed a certain statistical
significance, reflecting the interrelationship between patterns and processes. This approach could be useful for the identification
of areas with similar characteristics in terms of spatial dynamics so as to define more effective and targeted landscape planning
and management strategies. 相似文献
364.
The province of Siena, Italy, enacted a new garbage plan (NGP) with the objective of increasing separate waste collection (SWC), shutting down six landfills and increasing incineration. The aim of the paper is to evaluate costs and benefits of the NGP. The hypothesis is that willingness to pay (WTP) should reflect the value to the community of having better environmental quality, according to the Contingent Valuation literature. The paper reports the results of a contingent valuation (CV). The sample was divided into two subsets: firms and households. Through the information gathered via a detailed questionnaire, parametric and non-parametric estimates were elaborated to analyse the WTP of the population for the benefits flowing from increased SWC, increased incineration and shutting down of landfills. These values were expressed as a share of the tax actually paid. Although a small subset of firms and households valued increasing incineration less positively, requesting compensation, on the whole interviewees (with large differences between firms and households) had a net positive WTP for the provisions included in NGP. Parametric estimation procedures enabled us to analyse the economic as well as social and demographic factors affecting these results. These elements are useful for computing a value for the waste charge that also reflects external effects. Finally, we estimated household income elasticity of WTP for the increase in SWC and found less than one: environmental quality is not a luxury good. 相似文献
365.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PaHs) in subcutaneous biopsies of Mediterranean cetaceans. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The aim of the present study was to measure polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in free-ranging Mediterranean cetaceans as they are likely to cause chemical stress in the organisms of this basin. Blubber samples were collected from live specimens of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) by means of biopsies, a non-destructive biological method. Fin whales were sampled in the Ligurian Sea, whereas striped dolphins were collected in the Ligurian and the Ionian Seas. A fingerprint of 14 PAHs was obtained for both species. In whales, the median value of total PAHs was 1970 ppb fresh weight (f.w.) while median carcinogenic PAH values were 89.80 ppb f.w.; in dolphins, the median values of total and carcinogenic PAHs were 29,500 and 676.00 ppb f.w., respectively. The different PAH values between the two species can be attributed to the different positions they take in the Mediterranean food web. The sampling period significantly influenced PAH concentrations of fin whales. 相似文献
366.
367.
Lars T. Waser Meinrad Kuechler Markus Schwarz Eva Ivits Silvia Stofer Christoph Scheidegger 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2007,12(4):315-328
The present study focuses on developing models to predict lichen species richness in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve of the Swiss
Pre-Alps following a gradient of land-use intensity combining remote sensing data and regression models. The predictive power
of the models and the obtained r ranging from 0.5 for lichens on soil to 0.8 for lichens on trees can be regarded as satisfactory to good, respectively. The
study revealed that a combination of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing data produced a variety of ecological meaningful
variables. 相似文献
368.
Zhou Nicolette A. Fagnant-Sperati Christine S. Komen Evans Mwangi Benlick Mukubi Johnstone Nyangao James Hassan Joanne Chepkurui Agnes Maina Caroline van Zyl Walda B. Matsapola Peter N. Wolfaardt Marianne Ngwana Fhatuwani B. Jeffries-Miles Stacey Coulliette-Salmond Angela Peñaranda Silvia Shirai Jeffry H. Kossik Alexandra L. Beck Nicola K. Wilmouth Robyn Boyle David S. Burns Cara C. Taylor Maureen B. Borus Peter Meschke John Scott 《Food and environmental virology》2020,12(1):35-47
369.
Ruiz-Blanco Silvia Romero Silvia Fernandez-Feijoo Belen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2022,24(3):4024-4045
Environment, Development and Sustainability - The purpose of this paper is to study what are the characteristics that make firms less or more prone to greenwashing. We collect data from... 相似文献
370.
Assessing coastal vulnerability to climate change: comparing segmentation at global and regional scales 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Silvia Torresan Andrea Critto Matteo Dalla Valle Nick Harvey Antonio Marcomini 《Sustainability Science》2008,3(1):45-65
Recent concerns about potential climate-change effects on coastal systems require the application of vulnerability assessment
tools in order to define suitable adaptation strategies and improve coastal zone management effectiveness. In fact, while
various research efforts were devoted to evaluate coastal vulnerability to climate change on a national to global level, fewer
applications were carried out so far to develop more comprehensive and site-specific vulnerability assessments suitable to
plan possible adaptation measures at the regional scale. In this respect, specific indicators are needed to address climate-change-related
issues for coastal zones and to identify vulnerable areas at the regional level. Two sets of coastal vulnerability indicators
were selected, one for regional and one for global studies, respectively, concerning the same features of coastal systems,
including topography and slope, geomorphological characteristics, presence and distribution of wetlands and vegetation cover,
density of coastal population and number of coastal inhabitants. The proposed set of indicators for the regional scale was
chosen taking into account the availability of environmental and territorial data for the whole coastal area of the Veneto
region and was based on site-specific datasets characterized by a spatial resolution appropriate for a regional analysis.
Moreover, a GIS-based segmentation procedure was applied to divide the coastline into linear segments, homogeneous in terms
of vulnerability to climate change and sea-level rise at the regional scale. This approach allowed to divide the Veneto shoreline
into 140 segments with an average length of about 1 km, while the global scale approach identified four coastal segments with
an average length of about 66 km. The performed comparison indicated how the more detailed approach adopted at the regional
scale is essential to understand and manage the complexities of the specific study area. In fact, the 25-m DEM employed at
the regional scale provided a more accurate differentiation of the coastal area's elevation and thus of coastal susceptibility
to the inundation risks, compared to the 1-km DEM used at the global level. Moreover, at the regional level the use of a 1:20,000
geomorphological map allowed to differentiate the unique landform class detected at the global level (e.g., fluvial plain)
in a variety of more detailed coastal typologies (e.g., open coast eroding sandy shores backed by bedrock) characterized by
a different sensitivity to climate change and sea-level rise. Accordingly, the information provided by regional indicators
can support decision-makers in improving the management of coastal resources by considering the potential impacts of climate
change and in the definition of appropriate actions to reduce inundation risks, to avoid the potential loss of valuable wetlands
and vegetation and to plan the nourishment of sandy beaches subject to erosion processes. 相似文献