Impact of litter removal on soil characteristics under a Pinus caribaea stand

ABSTRACT

Forest productivity is dependent on soil quality, which in turn is related to litter; yet there is limited understanding of the relationships between litter and soil quality. The effects of litter removal treatment on tree growth and soil properties were examined in a Pinus caribaea stand with the aim of providing an understanding of consequences of litter removal on soil patterns. This knowledge is important for planning appropriate long-term forest management. Three pairs of 30 × 30 m² plots (each pair a control and treatment) were established in the center of a P. caribaea stand in April 2002. The controls were left undisturbed with an intact litter layer, while litter was removed monthly from treated plots. The diameter and height of the P. caribaea decreased and soil quality was degraded over the experimental period in litter-removed (treated) plots. Litter removal also produced a significant increase in soil bulk density at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths. The capillary porosity, capillary moisture capacity, and natural water content in controls at 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths were significantly greater than treated plots. The non-capillary porosity in controls at the 0–20 cm depth was also significantly higher than treated plots. The organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), total potassium (K) and alkalized N content in each layer, and available P and exchangeable K at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths in control plots were significantly greater than litter-removed plots. The numbers of bacteria at 0–20 and 40–60 cm depths and of fungi at 20–40 and 40–60 cm depths were higher in control than treated plots. The number of actinomyces and urease, catalase, and acid phosphatase activities in controls at each depth were significantly greater than litter-removed plots.     

基于响应面法的污泥快速固化效能综合影响简

针对现有污泥固化技术存在的固化养护时间长、低温条件下固化效能低等问题。研究提出污泥快速（3 d）固化技术,采用响应曲面分析方法,重点考察了石灰、组分A、硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰和温度等5因素对固化效能的综合影响,研究结果表明,石灰、组分A、硅酸盐水泥、粉煤灰和养护温度等因素对3 d固化体的无侧限抗压强度和含水率的线性效应显著,石灰和组分A、石灰和养护温度对无侧限抗压强度的交互影响显著,石灰和粉煤灰、组分A和养护温度、硅酸盐水泥和粉煤灰对含水率的交互影响显著;得出了5因素对固化体3 d无侧限抗压强度和含水率影响的定量模型,可对污泥快速固化进行优化和预测;并利用XRD和SED对污泥固化块的化学成分和微观结构进行了分析。     

Enhanced efficiency of cadmium removal by Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. in the presence of exogenous citric and oxalic acids

Boehmeria nivea（L.） Gaud. is a potential candidate for the remediation of Cd contaminated sites. The present investigation aims to explore Cd tolerance threshold and to quickly identify the role of exogenous organic acids in Cd uptake and abiotic metal stress damage.Elevated Cd levels（0–10 mg/L） resulted in an obvious rise in Cd accumulation, ranging from268.0 to 374.4 in root and 25.2 to 41.2 mg/kg dry weight in shoot, respectively. Citric acid at1.5 mmol/L significantly facilitated Cd uptake by 26.7% in root and by 1-fold in shoot,respectively. Cd translocation efficiency from root to shoot was improved by a maximum of66.4% under 3 mmol/L of oxalic acid. Citric acid exhibited more prominent mitigating effect than oxalic acid due to its stronger ligand affinity for chelating with metal and avoiding the toxicity injury of free Cd ions more efficiently. The present work provides a potential strategy for efficient Cd remediation with B. nivea.     

硫脲法浸出回收炼锌废渣中的银

对用硫脲法从炼锌废渣中浸出回收银的工艺及其影响因素进行了研究;确定了最佳浸出工艺条件为：硫脲质量浓度１０ｇ／Ｌ,「Ｆｅ＾３＋」０．０１２５ｍｇ／Ｌ,液固比１０：１,浸出液ＰＨ１．５－２．０,浸出温度４０－６０℃;     

市场经济与宜宾经济发展战略

宜宾有丰富的自然资源,但至今经济仍然落后。本文剖析了这种既富饶又贫困的主要原因,提出了振兴宜宾经济的发展战略。     

胆汁引流对黑熊体毛中微量元素含量的影响

作者在1990年6～7月采集了胆汁引流黑熊和未手术黑熊的体毛样本,经原子吸收光谱仪和极谱仪测定。结果表明,胆汁引流黑熊雌雄之间体毛中 Se、Zn、Fe、Mg、Cu、Mn、Ca、P 含量差异不显著;胆汁引流1年的黑熊与未手术黑熊相比,体毛中 Ca 含量明显降低、Mn 含量明显增高。因此,在配制黑熊饲料时应重视矿物质的添加量,以提高熊胆产量和质量。     

爆炸的破坏作用与伤害分区

讨论冲击波的各种破坏准则，即超压准则、冲量准则和超压～冲量准则；提出故爆炸伤害／破坏分区的概念，叙述了伤害／破坏区域划分的具体方法并进行了数值模拟计算。最后，还对中文有些问题作了简要说明。     

活性污泥法处理生活污水过程中铬的变化规律研究

本文研究了活性污泥法处理生活污水处理过程中污泥负荷和PH对液相中总铬和Cr^6 浓度变化的影响，发现总铬和Cr^6 浓度最低值出现的时间随污泥负荷的增大而推迟，在达到最低值后，总铬和Cr^6 浓度呈现不断增大趋势；在污水PH为8左右时，总铬浓度的最低值显著低于PH为7左右时的最低值，液相中的铬主要以Cr^3 的形态被污泥吸附。     

培养基对菌产微生物絮凝剂的影响研究

研究了培养基成分种类及其用量对菌产微生物絮凝剂的影响。结果表明,较高的C/N比对菌产絮凝剂有利,碳源中的蔗糖是菌株Aeromonassp.N11产絮凝剂的良好碳源,氮源以采用复合氮源为佳。培养基中加入酵母膏有利于絮凝剂的产生。NaCl能够促进所产絮凝剂的絮凝活性,碳源蔗糖和氮源脲对菌产絮凝剂的影响最大。利用正交实验得出产絮凝剂培养基的最佳配比为蔗糖20g/L,酵母膏08g/L,脲05g/L,硫酸胺05g/L,NaCl7g/L。     

Characteristics and management modes of domestic waste in rural areas of developing countries: a case study of China

A huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination in rural areas of developing countries (RADIC). The characteristics and management of domestic waste are carefully discussed, based on field surveys and a literature review. The results indicate that the generation in most of RADIC is less than the median of 0.521 kg day⁻¹ per capita in China, and much smaller than in rural areas of developed countries (RADEC). Organic waste and inert waste with an accumulative mass percentage of 72.31% are dominant components of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. There are trends of increasing amounts of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, and plastic/rubber and a decreasing trend of ash waste. The RADIC composition of domestic waste had a high content of organic waste and a low content of recyclable waste compared to the RADEC. Domestic waste has good compressibility and a light bulk density ranging from 40 to 650 kg m⁻³. The moisture, ash, combustible, and calorific values of domestic waste were 53.31%, 18.03%, 28.67%, and 5368 kJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The domestic waste has an abundance of nutrients including organic matter (39.05%), nitrogen (1.02%), phosphorus (0.50%), and potassium (1.42%). In RADIC, domestic waste can be used as an agricultural manure only after it has been collected and sorted for the potential risk of heavy metal accumulation. Based on these characteristics of domestic waste and the different situations of rural areas, four waste management modes including centralized treatment, decentralized treatment, group treatment, and mobile treatment are designed and discussed.