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91.
The bone-eating marine annelid Osedax consumes mainly whale bones on the deep-sea floor, but recent colonization experiments with cow bones and molecular age estimates
suggesting a possible Cretaceous origin of Osedax indicate that this worm might be able grow on a wider range of substrates. The suggested Cretaceous origin was thought to
imply that Osedax could colonize marine reptile or fish bones, but there is currently no evidence that Osedax consumes bones other than those of mammals. We provide the first evidence that Osedax was, and most likely still is, able to consume non-mammalian bones, namely bird bones. Borings resembling those produced
by living Osedax were found in bones of early Oligocene marine flightless diving birds (family Plotopteridae). The species that produced these
boreholes had a branching filiform root that grew to a length of at least 3 mm, and lived in densities of up to 40 individuals
per square centimeter. The inclusion of bird bones into the diet of Osedax has interesting implications for the recent suggestion of a Cretaceous origin of this worm because marine birds have existed
continuously since the Cretaceous. Bird bones could have enabled this worm to survive times in the Earth’s history when large
marine vertebrates other than fish were rare, specifically after the disappearance of large marine reptiles at the end-Cretaceous
mass extinction event and before the rise of whales in the Eocene. 相似文献
92.
Blanch JS Llusia J Niinemets U Noe SM Penuelas J 《Journal of environmental biology / Academy of Environmental Biology, India》2011,32(1):1-6
We compared the role of instantaneous temperature and temperature history in the determination of alpha-pinene emissions in Mediterranean conifer Pinus halepensis that stores monoterpenes in resin ducts, and in Mediterranean broad-leaved evergreen Quercus ilex that lacks such specialized storage structures. In both species, alpha-pinene emission rates (E) exhibited a significant exponential correlation with leaf temperature and the rates of photosynthetic electron transport (Jco2+o2) started to decrease after an optimum at approximately 35 degrees C. However, there was a higher dependence of E on mean temperature of previous days than on mean temperature of current day for P. halepensis but not for Q. ilex. Jco2+o2 showed a maximum relationship to mean temperature of previous 3 and 5 days for P. halepensis and Q. ilex respectively. We conclude that although the best correlation of emission rates were found for instantaneous foliar temperatures, the effect of accumulated previous temperature conditions should also be considered in models of monoterpene emission, especially for terpene (see text) species. 相似文献
93.
Keiter S Rastall A Kosmehl T Wurm K Erdinger L Braunbeck T Hollert H 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(5):308-319
Goals, Scope and Background Fish populations, especially those of the grayling (Thymallus thymallus), have declined over the last two decades in the
upper Danube River between Sigmaringen and Ulm, despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water quality
since the 1970s. Similar problems have been reported for other rivers, e.g. in Switzerland, Great Britain, the United States
and Canada. In order to assess if ecotoxicological effects might be related to the decline in fish catch at the upper Danube
River, sediment, suspended matter and waste water samples from sewage treatment plants were collected at selected locations
and analyzed in a bioanalytical approach using a battery of bioassays. The results of this pilot study will be used to decide
if a comprehensive weight-of-evidence study is needed.
Methods Freeze-dried sediments and suspended particulate matters were extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet apparatus. Organic pollutants
from sewage water were concentrated using XAD-resins. In order to investigate the ecotoxicological burden, the following bioassays
were used: (1) neutral red assay with RTL-W1 cells (cytotoxicity), (2) comet assay with RTLW1 cells (genotoxicity), (3) Arthrobacter
globiformis dehydrogenase assay (toxicity to bacteria), (4) yeast estrogen screen assay (endocrine disruption), (5) fish egg
assay with the zebrafish (Danio rerio; embryo toxicity) and (6) Ames test with TA98 (mutagenicity).
Results and Discussion The results of the in vitro tests elucidated a considerable genotoxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic, bacteriotoxic, embryotoxic and
estrogenic burden in the upper Danube River, although with a very inhomogeneous distribution of effects. The samples taken
from Riedlingen, for example, induced low embryo toxicity, but the second highest 17β-estradiol equivalent concentration (1.8
ng/L). Using the fish egg assay with native sediments, a broad range of embryotoxic effects could be elucidated, with clear-cut
dose-response relationships for the embryotoxic effects of contaminated sediments. With native sediments, embryotoxicity was
clearly higher than with corresponding pore waters, thus corroborating the view that – at least for fish eggs – the bioavailability
of particle-bound lipophilic substances in native sediments is higher than generally assumed. The effect observed most frequently
in the fish egg assay was a developmental delay. A comparison of our own results with locations along the rivers Rhine and
Neckar demonstrated similar or even higher ranges of ecotoxicological burdens in the Danube River.
Conclusions The complex pattern of ecotoxicological effects caused by environmental samples from the Danube River, when assessed in an
in vitro biotest battery using both acute and more specific endpoints, showed that integration of different endpoints is essential
for appropriate hazard assessment. Overall, the ecotoxicological hazard potential shown has indeed to be considered as one
potential reason for the decline in fish catches at the upper Danube River. However, based on the results of this pilot study,
it is not possible to elucidate that chemically induced alterations are responsible for the fish decline.
Recommendations and Perspective . In order to confirm the ecological relevance of the in vitro results for the situation in the field and especially for the
decline of the grayling and other fishes, further integrated investigations are required. For linking the weight of evidence
obtained by in vitro assays and fish population investigations, the application of additional, more specific biomarkers (e.g.
vitellogenin induction, EROD and micronucleus assay) has been initiated in fish taken from the field as well as in situ investigations. 相似文献