森林自然保护地生态旅游资源研究进展

旅游资源的评价、保护与开发模式研究是生态旅游研究领域的重要内容,而森林自然保护地是一类重要的生态旅游区.根据我国自然保护地的实际情况,参考国外自然保护地的定义与分类方式,可认为我国的森林自然保护地主要应主要包括森林生态系统类型自然保护区、森林公园及公益林场三种类型;森林自然保护地的生态旅游资源评价研究主要集中在两方面:一是单纯地从经济学角度对旅游资源游憩价值进行货币化评价与核算,二是从保护生物学和生态学角度对资源的可开发性进行评价,其侧重在于找到保护与开发的的科学平衡点;在森林自然保护地旅游资源的开发模式研究上,必须正确处理开发与保护的关系,把保护放在第一位,坚持"三大效益"兼顾的原则,才能实现森林生态旅游资源开发与保护的良性循环.由于经营目的和保护级别差异,自然保护区、森林公园及公益林场的生态旅游研究与实践尚存在发展不均衡、功能不突出等问题,随着生态旅游事业的深入发展,一些非热点和低等级的森林自然保护地在生态旅游理论研究与开发实践中将会发挥越来越重要的作用.     

城市污水处理厂好氧颗粒污泥的特性

对城市污水处理厂曝气池中筛选出的好氧颗粒污泥进行了分析.结果表明,这些颗粒污泥的直径主要在0.2～0.8 mm范围;平均圆度为1.29;沉淀速率约在10～42 m h-1之间;比耗氧速率(SOUR)为14.2～18.9 mg g-1h-1,小于活性污泥;挥发性物质占总固体的量与活性污泥基本相似.这些颗粒污泥占污泥总量的0.1%～0.5%.颗粒污泥的激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)图像显示:颗粒污泥内部几乎都由胞外聚合物(EPS)组成;细菌主要分布在颗粒污泥表面至100μm厚度区域,少部分分布在100～400μm厚度区域.     

论民国时期河南灾荒的社会成因

民国年间河南灾荒现象异常突出,虽与当时整体气候背景及河南特殊的地理特征相关,但灾荒背后的社会原因更应引起我们的关注。其主要表现为:一、社会经济乏力,百姓抗灾能力低;二、政治腐败,体现在政府的赋税名目繁多、政府官员失职渎职以及挪用、贪污河防公款等几个方面;三、战争与灾荒;四、帝国主义列强对中国的残酷掠夺。     

小清河水中沉积物与铅离子吸附等温线的研究

运用界面分极离子/配位子交换原理和方法研究了小清河水中沉积物对Pb^2 的交换吸附等温线以及赖氨酸对吸附作用的影响。研究结果得出等温线具有1个“拐点”2个“平台”。用分级离子交换等温式求出平衡常数k1和k2,当低浓度的氨基酸存在时,对铅与沉积物的交换吸附起促进作用。     

Formation and transformation of schwertmannite in the classic Fenton process

The massive amount of sludge generated by the classic Fenton process, which has often been hypothesized to consist of ferric hydroxide, remains a major obstacle to its large-scale application. Therefore, reutilization of Fenton sludge has recently gained more attention.Understanding the formation, transformation, and properties of Fenton sludge combined with the stages of the Fenton reaction is pivotal, but not well illustrated yet. In this study,SEM-EDS, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS were applied to study the morphology, crystallinity,elemental composition, and valence state of Fenton sludge. The authors report that schwertmannite and 2-line ferrihydrite were generated and transformed in the oxidation phase and the neutralization phase of the Fenton process. SO_4~(2-) in the solution decreased by8.7%–26.0% at different molar ratios of Fe(II) to H_2 O_2; meanwhile, iron ion precipitated completely at pH 3.70 with the formation of schwertmannite containing sulfate groups in the Fenton sludge. The structural sulfate(Fe-SO_4) in schwertmannite was released from the precipitate with the addition of OH-, and the production of Fenton sludge decreased with increasing pH when pH 3.70. Goethite was found to form when the final p H was adjusted to 12 or at a reaction temperature of 80°C. Moreover, the possible thermal transformation to goethite and hematite indicated that Fenton sludge can be reused as a raw material for synthesizing more stable iron(hydro)oxides. The results provide useful insights into the formation and transformation of Fenton sludge, with implications for regulating the crystal type of Fenton sludge for further reuse.     

内蒙古生物质热电联产的效益研究

本文从生物质热电联产的必要性作为切入点,从经济、社会、生态效益三个方面分析了内蒙古发展生物质能热电联产的综合效益.     

内蒙古“十二五”规划中重点产业及区域发展水污染负荷环境压力评估

“十二五”内蒙城镇化率的提高,使得城镇生活点源COD和氨氮负荷产生量有较高增长.“十一五”期间内蒙城镇生活污水COD和氨氮的去除率较低,为实现十二五减排目标的完成,需大幅提高城镇污水处理厂处理能力,实现盟市污水处理厂收集处理率达到90％.此外城镇污水处理厂COD和氨氮的去除率,分别至少达到80％和45％以上.这样才能够满足重点产业发展增排的COD和氨氮的同时,实现十二五总量目标的实现.     

用偏高岭石、铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰生产土聚水泥试验

以偏高岭石和固体废物铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰为基料,以氢氧化钠、水玻璃等作为激发剂,在室温条件下制备土聚水泥。通过正交试验,研究不同基料配比、激发剂、外加剂的不同加入量等因素对试条抗压强度的影响,并确定最优配方;同时通过SEM观察了土聚水泥的形貌并研究了土壤聚合的反应机理。结果表明:其最佳配方中铜矿尾砂、粉煤灰的质量比之和接近60%,7天抗压强度比标号为P.O42.5的水泥高5%;该土聚水泥呈层状结构,缝隙较小,结构紧密。     

The Mass and Energy Exchange of a Tibetan Glacier: Distributed Modeling and Climate Sensitivity

Most glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are not closely monitored for mass balance (MB) due to their inaccessibility, which makes it difficult to better understand the dynamics of glacial advancement or retreat. Surface energy budget, MB, and the resulting melt runoff were calculated for Zhadang glacier (5,710 m above sea level) of the central TP. Energy balance was calculated on 30‐m square grids for the summers of 2007 and 2008. On average, net radiation dominated the total energy source (66%) while the residual was supplied by sensible heat flux. More than 67% of the energy sink was available for melting on the glacier. Thus, less than 33% of the total energy was consumed by latent heat flux. A large and a slightly negative summer MB were calculated for the 2007 and 2008 summers, respectively. The high sensitivity of the glacier to air temperature may indicate that the lower than average seasonal temperature was more important than the increased precipitation for the slightly negative MB in the summer of 2008. Comparisons of glacial melt runoff indicated that rainfall and snowmelt were the dominant contribution to total runoff in the glacierized basin and the ice melting is also very important. Glacial melt calculation provides a basis for quantifying glacial melt‐runoff contribution to the river streamflow in the TP.     

Treatment of Sulfate/Sulfide-Containing Wastewaters Using a Microbial Fuel Cell: Single and Two-Anode Systems

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) was employed to convert reductive potential in sulfate-laden wastewaters to electricity via reducing sulfate to sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria and then oxidizing sulfide to sulfur by exoelectrogens. The excess sulfide presented in the anodic solution inhibited the activities of functional strains in MFC. This study proposed the use of a two-anode system, with a sulfate-reducing bacteria anode and an exoelectrogen (C27) anode in the anodic cell, to efficiently convert reductive potential of sulfate into electricity. The microbial community of sulfate-reducing bacteria anode and the electrochemical characteristics of the studied MFCs were reported.