河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物富集.研究结果表明,将河蚬暴露于有机氯农药污染程度相似的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(HCHs和DDTs浓度分别为1.5-1.8.S/S(以干重计)和1.1-1.7 as/g(以干重计))后,随着暴露时间的延长(24～168h),河蚬对有机氯农药的富集量随着暴露时间逐渐增加.试验结束时各样点中河蚬对HCHs和DDTs的富集量分别为(9.4±2.2)ng/g(以干重计)、(20.7±7.6)ng/g(以干重计).实验水体沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的生物沉积物富集因子(BSAF)分别为1.5±0.1和4.4±0.7.生物-沉积物富集因子(BSAF)与有机物的辛醇-水比值(Kow)存在显著正相关.     

超声波协同纳米铁对偶氮染料橙黄G的脱色研究

采用液相还原法合成出纳米零价铁颗粒,并将其应用于水体中偶氮染料橙黄G的脱色。以橙黄G的脱色率为指标,研究了在超声波协同作用下纳米铁还原脱色偶氮染料橙黄G的过程,并对反应机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明：在无氧环境、室温和中性条件下纳米铁在0.5 h内对橙黄G的脱色率可达99%以上。脱色率随纳米铁用量的增加、pH的降低和反应温度的升高而增大。紫外可见光谱显示,在脱色反应过程中,染料分子中的共轭体系遭到一定程度的破坏。     

两室堆肥生物反应装置研究

以堆肥过程中物料平衡、热量平衡以及垃圾生物发酵特性为依据,设计了二室堆肥生物反应装置,并通过堆肥试验实际检验反应装置设计的合理性.装置主要结构包括:二室堆肥发酵仓、保温层、通风供氧系统、空气加热系统以及二次污染控制系统.装置的主要特点为:两发酵仓能够独立完成堆肥发酵,也可以实现堆肥一次、二次发酵串联工艺组合;通过二次污染控制系统,可以很好地减少堆肥过程中产生的废水臭气排放;采用空气加热系统,可以快速均匀地加热堆体,以满足不同堆肥工艺的需要.装置在试验研究以及小规模垃圾堆肥处理领域有一定的应用价值.     

减灾民用产品开发的可行性研究——以地震安全图动态查询公共系统为例

以地震安全图实时制作与动态查询公共系统开发的必要性与可行性为例,阐述了社会对“自然灾害与安全信息民用产品”的需求,以及它对提高减灾实效、推动灾害与信息科学发展水平的作用。同时介绍了海口市地震安全图实时制作与动态查询公共系统的功能、制作方法和社会用户群体的分析。     

Spatial distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from typical oil-sewage irrigation area, Northeast China

Air pollution is one of the major environmental problems in India, affecting health of thousands of 'urban' residents residing in mega cities. The need of the day is to evolve an 'effective' and 'efficient' air quality management plan (AQMP) encompassing the essential 'key players' and 'stakeholders.' This paper describes the formulation of an AQMP for mega cities like Delhi in India taking into account the aforementioned key 'inputs.' The AQMP formulation methodology is based on past studies of Longhurst et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 30, 3975-3985, 1996); Longhurst & Elsom, ((1997). Air Pollution-II, Vol. 2 (pp. 525-532)) and Beatti et al., (Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1479-1490, 2001). Further, the vulnerability analysis (VA) has been carried out to evaluate the stresses due to air pollution in the study area. The VA has given the vulnerability index (VI) of 'medium to high' and 'low' at urban roadways/intersections and residential areas, respectively.     

固定化海带生物吸附剂的制备及其吸附Ni2+的动力学特性

以海藻酸钠、明胶和海带粉为原料制备了固定化海带生物吸附剂。固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2＋的吸附过程可分为3个阶段：快速吸附阶段、缓慢吸附阶段和吸附平衡阶段。动力学过程可用Lagergren准二级反应动力学方程描述,限速步骤为化学吸附。随Ni2＋初始质量浓度的增加,固定化海带生物吸附剂的Ni2＋吸附量逐渐增大,Ni2＋去除率逐渐降低。吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,说明该吸附体系既有物理吸附又有化学吸附,从吸附状态看属于多层吸附,由Langmuir吸附等温方程得出固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2＋的最大吸附量为39．43mg／g,说明固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2＋有较好的吸附性能。     

固定化海带生物吸附剂的制备及其吸附Ni~(2+)的动力学特性

以海藻酸钠、明胶和海带粉为原料制备了固定化海带生物吸附剂。固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2+的吸附过程可分为3个阶段:快速吸附阶段、缓慢吸附阶段和吸附平衡阶段。动力学过程可用Lagergren准二级反应动力学方程描述,限速步骤为化学吸附。随Ni2+初始质量浓度的增加,固定化海带生物吸附剂的Ni2+吸附量逐渐增大,Ni2+去除率逐渐降低。吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,说明该吸附体系既有物理吸附又有化学吸附,从吸附状态看属于多层吸附,由Langmuir吸附等温方程得出固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2+的最大吸附量为39.43mg/g,说明固定化海带生物吸附剂对Ni2+有较好的吸附性能。     

聚丙烯酰胺在盐碱土壤中的吸附与迁移

采用静态吸附法研究了聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）在大庆市盐碱土中的吸附行为,并通过室内土柱实验研究了PAM在盐碱土中的自然迁移和模拟降雨情况下的迁移行为。实验结果表明,随吸附时间延长、液固比增大,PAM在盐碱土中的吸附量逐渐增大。PAM在盐碱土中的饱和吸附条件为液固比25,平衡吸附时间8h,在此条件下得出的PAM在盐碱土中的吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,饱和吸附量为0．81mg/g.PAM在盐碱土中的迁移规律为：沿地表随盐碱土深度增加,PAM的含量减少。PAM溶液淋滤量越大,迁移深度越深,各层土壤中PAM的含量也相应增加。降雨迫使PAM沿地表向下多迁移1cm,迁移深度在5—6cm。盐碱土对PAM的截留能力较强,意外泄漏的PAM主要集中在地表下3cm以内处,占总淋滤量的86．1％～99．9％。PAM在大庆市盐碱土中的迁移深度不超过10cm。     

Atmospheric distribution of particulate- and gas-phase phthalic esters (PAEs) in a Metropolitan City, Nanjing, East China

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are used in many branches of industry and are produced in huge amounts throughout the world. An investigation on particulate- and gas-phase distribution of PAEs has been conducted in Nanjing (China). The 12-h daily sampling program (from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm) for ten consecutive days was conducted in April, July and October 2005, and in January 2006 at about 1.5m above the ground level. For comparative purposes, sampling events were simultaneously conducted at two stations, one at the urban center and the other about 12 km from city center for suburban background monitoring. It was observed that the most abundant members of the PAE group were dimethyl phthalate (DMP) (10.1 ng m(-3), average), diethyl phthalate (DEP) (3.4 ng m(-3)), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (58.8 ng m(-3)), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) (3.2 ng m(-3)), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (20.3 ng m(-3)) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) (1.2 ng m(-3)). The average contribution of PAEs in the gas phase to the total PAE concentration (Sigma(6)PAE, sum of six PAE congeners) ranged from 75.0% to 89.2%. Both particulate- and gas-phase Sigma(6)PAE concentrations decreased with increasing temperature. Experimentally determined gas-particle partitioning (K(p)) of PAEs is well-correlated with their vapor pressure. The Sigma(6)PAE levels in the urban area are approximately 3.5 times as high as the levels found at the suburban station. The vertical profiles from 1.5 to 30.0m above the ground display slight height dependence.