海水抽水蓄能电站防污方案研究

为了给未来建设海水抽水蓄能电站提供防污解决方案,分析了海洋污损生物的附着过程及特点,以及海水抽水蓄能电站需要防污的部位,比较国内外现有的海洋污损生物的治理技术。得到了海水抽水蓄能电站水工建筑物、管道、水泵水轮机组及其辅助系统的防污方案。通过分析国内海水抽水蓄能电站防污的现状、存在的不足,展望了未来重点研究的方向,为国内海水抽水蓄能电站的建设提供参考。     

海水抽水蓄能电站库盆防渗方案研究

从目前已掌握的淡水防渗技术的角度出发,综合对比了各种防渗材料及联合防渗方案的优缺点,首次探讨了针对海水抽水蓄能电站库盆的防渗方案。建议在库底采用土工膜与黏土联合防渗方案,而在库岸采用钢筋混凝土面板与防护涂层相结合的方式。关于海水抽水蓄能电站库盆防渗选材方案的讨论,可为相关研究工作提供参考依据,并为工程设计提供建议。     

石墨烯类材料在水处理和地下水修复中的应用

作为一种性质优异的吸附材料,石墨烯类材料对有机物和重金属等多种水污染物均有出色的吸附能力,因此其在水处理和地下水修复工作中的应用前景在近几年备受关注.当前的研究总体上尚停留在实验室模拟阶段,在提高材料饱和吸附量的同时,研制出低成本、稳定性强、易于再生利用且环境友好的石墨烯类材料是今后的发展趋势.本文对石墨烯类材料的种类及制备方法进行了归纳总结,对他们在水处理和地下水修复中的应用研究情况进行了综述,对当前研究中存在的问题进行了分析,最后对未来的研究和应用前景进行了总结和展望.     

常州市冬季大气污染特征及潜在源区分析

为了解常州市冬季大气污染特征,对2013—2015年常州市冬季PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO数据进行分析,并结合HYSPLIT 4.9模式研究不同气团来源对常州市各污染物浓度的影响及潜在污染源区分布特征.结果表明,常州市冬季以PM_2.5污染为主,其占冬季首要污染物的90%以上,冬季PM_2.5小时浓度对应的空气质量级别以良和轻度污染出现频次最多,冬季的ρ（PM_2.5）对ρ（PM_2.5）年均值的贡献率高达37.4%,不完全燃烧是颗粒物的一个重要来源.冬季ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的日变化均呈双峰分布,两个峰值分别出现在交通的早高峰和晚高峰附近.ρ（NO₂）在晚高峰明显大于早高峰,而ρ（SO₂）和ρ（CO）表现为早高峰大于晚高峰.常州市CO/NO_x和SO₂/NO_x的分析结果表明,常州市交通源的贡献明显,点源对常州市的空气质量的影响也较大.1和6 h的ρ（PM_2.5）梯度变化可判识细颗粒物的爆发性增长.冬季常州市受到西北、西和西南等地区的大陆性气流影响较大,其对应的ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）、ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）平均值相对较高,且对应的污染轨迹出现概率较大.偏东方向的气流由于移动速度慢,不利于污染物扩散易造成污染累积,导致ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（SO₂）和ρ（NO₂）相对较高.WPSCF（源区分布概率）高值区（>0.5）集中于从芜湖至上海的长江中下游区域和杭州湾区域.PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO潜在源区存在较大差异性,NO₂、SO₂和CO本地化的潜在贡献较PM_2.5和PM₁₀更明显.此外,受船舶等影响海洋源区对NO₂、SO₂和CO的潜在贡献较大.研究显示,长三角区域的大气污染物以本地污染为主,但远距离污染输送贡献也不容忽视.      

聚乙烯亚胺改性纤维素纤维对Cr (Ⅵ)的吸附研究

采用低浓度H_2O_2氧化纤维素水凝胶纤维,再接枝聚乙烯亚胺(PEI),成功制得PEI改性纤维素纤维(PEI-OCF)吸附剂,并将其用于溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除.同时,利用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)和X射线能谱(EDX)分析,确证纤维素上的羟基被H_2O_2氧化成醛基,PEI通过席夫碱反应被接枝到氧化纤维素上.制备优化结果表明,H_2O_2氧化阶段的最佳条件为pH=4.0,H_2O_2质量分数0.2%,氧化时间3.0h,氧化温度85℃;PEI接枝阶段的最佳条件为pH=11.0,PEI质量分数3.0%,接枝时间0.5 h.吸附研究结果显示,Cr(Ⅵ)在PEI-OCF上的吸附具有强烈的pH依赖性,最佳pH值为2.0.在180 min时吸附达到平衡;吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,且主要由化学吸附控制.与Freundlich模型相比,Langmuir模型能更好地描述吸附过程;当温度为15和25℃时,最大吸附量分别为110.61和119.04 mg·g~(-1).浓度为300和600mg·L~(-1)的共存离子Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Na~+对PEI-OCF吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响较小.上述结果表明,PEI-OCF对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能良好,使用中易于分离;且制备过程无需交联剂,使用可降解材料,绿色环保.     

SBR实现选择性硝化过程及动力学研究

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理模拟氨氮废水,考察了SBR体系中硝化过程中氮组分和溶解氧变化规律,并对硝化动力学进行了研究.结果表明,在低溶解氧下,体系出现亚硝态氮积累;在序批式反应体系中的硝化反应呈现三阶段,即零级反应段、混合反应段和一级反应段,其硝化特性符合Monod动力学方程;根据SBR实现选择性硝化过程控制方法,实现了SBR选择性亚硝化启动,该体系氨氮出水1 mg·L~(-1),氨氮负荷达0.45 kg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)(以每kg MLSS中的NH_4~+-N量(kg)计),亚硝态氮累积率达95%左右.     

Variation of cholinergic biomarkers in brain regions and blood components of captive mink

Studies are increasingly using cholinergic parameters as biomarkers of early neurotoxicity, but few have characterized this system in ecologically relevant model organisms. In the present study, key neurochemicals in the cholinergic pathway were measured and analyzed from discrete parts of brain and blood from captive mink (Mustela vison). Similar to other mammals, the regional distribution of cholinergic parameters in the brain could be ranked from highest to lowest as: basal ganglia > occipital cortex > brain stem > cerebellum (F _3,192?=?172.1, p?<?0.001). Higher variation in cholinergic parameters was found in the cerebellum (coefficient of variation = 34.9%), and the least variation was measured in the brain stem (19.7%). Variation was also assessed by calculating the difference between the lowest and highest measures among individual animals: choline acetyltransferase (1.6× fold difference), cholinesterase (2.0×), muscarinic receptor levels (2.4×), acetylcholine (3.7×), nicotinic receptor levels (3.9×), and choline transporter (5.0×). In blood samples, activity and inter-individual variation of cholinesterase was highest in whole blood and lowest in plasma and serum. By using captive mink of a common genetic source, age, gender, and rearing conditions, these data help establish normal levels, ranges, and variations of cholinergic biomarkers among brain regions, blood components, and individual animals. Such information may better enable the utility of cholinergic biomarkers in environmental assessments.     

Status and trends in research and development projects in the mountains: A situational analysis in the Indian Himalaya

The mountains hold the key to global ecological and social stability by virtue of being centres of biological and cultural diversity and the storehouse for water and other resources. However, they are becoming unable to sustain the demands of the changing life style of the growing number of inhabitants as well as the population in the plains and, therefore, the resources are depleting rapidly. Inadequacy of research and development (R&D) projects undertaken in mountain ecosystems is, perhaps, a major factor that has not enabled us to evolve and introduce suitable interventions to replenish and restore the health of the degraded mountains. In this article, taking the Indian Himalayan region as a case study, an effort has been made to understand the adequacy and appropriateness of R&D projects in mountain ecosystems by analysing the research and development projects implemented in this region from 1985–86 to1998–99. The analysis revealed inadequacy in the number and budgets of R&D projects implemented in this mountain ecosystem as a whole as well as in specific subject areas; the number of R&D projects implemented during this period was only 5.28% of the total projects, with a fund allocation of 4.45% of the total R&D budget of India, which appears to be inadequate considering the geophysical and bio-social importance of the Himalaya. The finding suggests that national funding agencies of mountain nations need to increase the number of R&D projects in mountain regions as a priority, with the intention of developing scientific packages capable of restoring the degraded ecosystem of the mountains and ensuring their sustainable development.