PSA处理含氟矿井水的研究

研究了用聚硅酸铝混凝剂处理煤矿含氟矿井水，处理后，氟，ＳＳ和ＣＯＤ的去除率分别为８８％，９８．５％和９６．８％，处理后的水质可用于矿井除尘或生活用水。     

模拟垃圾填埋场稳定化过程研究

采用垃圾填埋堆体模拟装置，对杭州市城市生活垃圾在１９９８年２月至１９９８年１０月期间稳定化过程中的垃圾渗滤液水质指标变化、堆体内部温度变化、垃圾减量化、沉降高度和产气量进行了研究，装入模拟装置的２２１ｋｇ生活垃圾经８个月的降解后，垃圾减量化显著，总量降至１２７ｋｇ，其中有机组分由９４．８ｋｇ（４２．９％）降至２０．９３ｋｇ（１６．５％），无机组分由７２．７１ｋｇ（３２．９％）降至５３．６５ｋｇ（４     

Occurrence and behaviour of nonylphenol and octylphenol in Nanming River, Guiyang City, China

Occurrence, variation and behaviour of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were studied in surface water and groundwater in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Discharge of wastewater from Guiyang City was the main source of alkylphenols (APs) entering the aquatic environment. The concentrations of NP and OP in river water ranged from 40 to 1582 ng L(-1) and from below the lowest limit of detection (LOD) to 67 ng L(-1), respectively. NP and OP were also detected in groundwater. Both NP and OP exhibited spatial and temporal variations in river water and groundwater. It was found that concentrations of NP and OP in river water was low upstream and dramatically increased downstream, and higher concentration of NP was found in winter compared to that in summer. Proportions of NP and OP were trapped by suspended particulate matter (SPM), which accounted for 7.6-50.0% and 3.4-25.6% of their total concentration in the river water system, respectively. Seasonal changes in water flow were responsible for the temporal variations of APs. To determine the behaviour of APs along the river, a mass balance equation based on chloride was used. The results showed that a mixing process was the predominant factor to determine upstream APs concentrations; while the discharge of wastewater controlled the concentrations of APs downstream. Considering the adverse effect of APs on organisms, combined effect modeling was used to assess the toxicity to fish. It was found that the predicted mixture effect for APs in river water on fish vitellogenin induction was low upstream and medium downstream, respectively.     

Spectrophotometric determination of persulfate by oxidative decolorization of azo dyes for wastewater treatment

Persulfate can efficiently decolorize azo dyes through oxidizing these compounds, which enabled us to develop a method of rapid spectrophotometric determination of persulfate for monitoring the wastewater treatment on the basis of the oxidation decolorization of azo dyes. Four azo dyes with different molecular structures were investigated as probes, and the influences of operation parameters including reaction time, solution pH, initial dye concentration, and initial concentration of activator Fe(2+) were checked on the determination of persulfate. Under optimum conditions, the decolorization degree of the dyes responded linearly with persulfate concentration for all the four azo dyes, and the linear range and detection limit were found to be 2.0-150 μmol L(-1) and 0.62 μmol L(-1) for rhodamine B, 2.0-100 μmol L(-1) and 0.42 μmol L(-1) for methylene blue, 4.0-150 μmol L(-1) and 0.50 μmol L(-1) for methyl violet, and 20-150 μmol L(-1) and 8.1 μmol L(-1) for orange II. A persulfate treatment of a spiked wastewater sample was satisfactorily monitored with the new method.     

乳状液膜法在湿法冶锌废水深度处理中的研究

提出深度处理湿法冶锌废水的二段液膜处理流程 ,并实验考察了分别回收锌、镉的适宜液膜条件 ,使得这 2种金属离子的达标排放与回收能够兼顾。     

大气污染物垂直梯度自动监测系统的研制

设计的大气污染物垂直梯度自动监测系统是用 2个电磁阀实现 3个高度的气体采样 ,依靠分析仪器自身的抽气泵将气体样品通过聚四氟乙烯管抽入各分析仪器进行测量 ,并用一台微机和一块 AD/DA转换板实施对电磁阀的控制和数据采集 .现场观测实验表明 ,对于 25m长的采样管清洗时间可设置 1 min,而采样管长度间的差异不会导致测量 O₃、SO₂、NO和 NO₂ 小时平均浓度存在显著性差异 .     

重庆市城市污水厂污泥的处理与处置

分析了目前重庆市城市污水厂污泥的处理与处置现状 ,对今后重庆市城市污水厂污泥的管理进行了探讨 ,提出了几个应注意的问题。     

Air Pollution in Singapore: Its Multielemental Aspect as Measured by Nuclear Analytical Techniques

Aerosol samples were collected in 1994 in Singapore on two occasions: once in June during the normal meteorological conditions and later in October during a long haze period caused by the heavy forest fire in Indonesia. Filtration and impaction collection methods were used simultaneously so that detailed elemental analysis of bulk as well as of different size fractions could be performed. Accelerator based nuclear analytical techniques such as Particle Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE), Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) and Nuclear Microscopy (NM) were used for analysis. These techniques are fast, truly multielemental and perfectly suited for routine analysis of a large number of aerosol samples. Typically all samples were analysed for the following 24 elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb. Detection limits for bulk analysis were generally below ng/m3 and for single particle analysis absolute detectable mass was approximately 10-17 g. Additionally, trace elements such as Cd, Sn, Sb and Ba whose characteristic X-ray lines were normally "obscured" by the lines of other more abundant elements, were detected when analysing by nuclear microscope in single particle mode.Judging by the average concentrations of lead and sulphur which are good indicators of industrial component of air pollution the situation in Singapore is satisfactory. Pb was typically found in concentrations of 5 to 50 ng/m3 and sulphur in concentrations of 1 to 2 µg/m3. These concentrations are well below limits set by the World Health Organisation (1500 ng/m3 and 40 µg/m3, respectively). On the other hand during the haze period the average concentrations of elements like S, K, Ti, V, Mn, Ni, As and Pb were found to be 3 to 6 times higher than usual. Results are presented and discussed.     

Persistence of repeated triadimefon application and its impact on soil microbial functional diversity

The effects of repeated applications of the fungicide triadimefon in agricultural soil on the microbial functional diversity of the soil and on the persistence of the fungicide in the soil were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of triadimefon at the recommended dosage, simulated by a first-order kinetic model, were 23.90, 22.95, and 21.52 days for the first, second, and third applications, respectively. Throughout this study, no significant inhibition of the Shannon-Wiener index (H') was observed. However, the Simpson index (1/D) and the McIntosh index (U) were obviously reduced (p ≤ 0.05) during the initial 3 days after the first triadimefon application and thereafter, gradually recovered to or exceeded the level of the control soil. A similar trend in variation but with a faster recovery in the 1/D and U was observed after the second and third triadimefon applications, respectively. Taken together, the above results indicate that the repeated application of triadimefon enhanced the degradation rate of the fungicide and the recovery rate of the soil microbial functional diversity. It is concluded that repeated triadimefon applications in soil have a transient or temporary inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities.     

Comparison of homologous and heterologous formats in nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassays for parathion residue determination

The effectiveness of homologous and heterologous formats in a nanocolloidal gold-based immunoassay for pesticide residue determination was investigated. Parathion, one of the most toxic organophosphorus pesticides, was used as the target analyte. One-step homologous and heterologous test strips based on a nanocolloidal gold-labeled monoclonal antibody were developed for the rapid detection of parathion residues. The results showed that the heterologous format was more effective than the homologous format, being more sensitive, more specific to parathion and more tolerant of matrix interferences. The best competitive hapten was found to have a moderate heterology and the opposite electronic distribution to the immunizing hapten. The detection limits for parathion using the preferred heterologous strip were 1 μg/L in water samples and 5 μg/kg in soil and food samples.