生命周期评价在企业环境管理中的应用

环境管理对于企业的可持续发展起着决定性的作用,生命周期评价作为面向产品系统的新型环境管理工具越来越多地被企业所采用。文章结合中国企业环境管理实际,对所采用的环境管理工具做了分类,详述了生命周期评价的具体应用以及优势。对生命周期评价在未来企业环境管理中的重要作用做了展望。     

联合国环境规划署（UNEP）的角色演进

环境问题是全球性问题,应对环境问题的需要催生了联合国环境规划署。其是联合国系统内最早成立的专门处理环境问题的机构,且为在全球层面上处理环境问题作出了重要贡献。自1972年成立以来,以里约会议为分界点,联合国环境规划署的发展可分为两个阶段,其在这两个阶段的发展状况有所不同。UNEP成立以来为世界环境保护事业做了很多努力,取得了可喜的成绩,但是世界环境恶化的趋势并没有得到遏制,国际环境管理体制存在着诸多的问题,UNEP面临着巨大的挑战和新的机遇。     

危险废物填埋过程中的防渗层设计以及渗滤液的处置方法

危险废物具有毒性、易燃性、腐蚀性、反应性和感染性,如果长期暴露于环境之中会对生态环境和人类健康造成巨大危害,所以安全而有效地处理处置危险废物意义极为重大。安全填埋是危险废物集中处置必不可少的重要手段之一,但是在填埋的过程中,危险废物容易产生渗滤液等有毒有害液体,对填埋场周围地下水又造成了污染,所以填埋场的防渗层设计建造和渗滤液的处理尤为重要。通过分析与研究,着重论述了在对危险废物的填埋过程中防渗层的设计和渗滤液处置方法。     

五氧化二钒生产中的污染问题及治理研究

五氧化二钒生产过程中会产生一系列的污染物,这些污染物如果直接排入环境将会产生严重的影响。为了保护环境,必须采取合理的环境保护措施。广西某五氧化二钒生产企业产生的污染物主要是废水、废气、固体废弃物和噪声等四个方面。该企业针对污染物的成分和产生量,以及污染物的不同性质,从污染治理的角度,分别从废水、废气、固体废弃物和噪声等几个方面采取了治理措施。废水达到了第一类污染物最高允许排放浓度,废气达到了环境空气质量二级标准,固体废弃物得到了妥善处置,生产噪声对环境的影响得以有效降低。     

江阴市小城镇污水集中处理的研究与思考

随着城镇化进程加快,经济快速发展的同时环境污染问题随之出现,主要表现在小城镇污水处理率较低,各地区发展不平衡等方面。通过几年来的摸索与实践,江阴市小城镇污水集中处理已成一定规模,也凸现出一些问题和不足之处。通过对江阴市小城镇污水集中处理水质特点及工艺的研究,结合江阴市污水处理厂运行情况进行问题分析,提出相应的对策及思考。通过加强城镇污水管网建设,运用成熟经济高效的处理工艺,引进先进管理制度,促进环保部门的监管工作,达到改善小城镇污水处理效率的目的。     

The internal exposure of Taiwanese to phthalate--an evidence of intensive use of plastic materials

Phthalates are widely used in industry and consumer products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) show the greatest potency of reproductive toxicants among phthalates. The purposes of this study are to examine the migration level of phthalate from PVC films by simulating food handling and to reveal the body burden of phthalate for Taiwanese. In order to estimate a worst-case of phthalate migration, food was covered with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films and then microwave heated. Results show that DEHP level in food increased significantly after heating for 3 min. Under the heating condition, the calculated intake of phthalate and the percentage of the tolerable daily intake (TDI, based on body weight of 60 kg) from eating one 400-g meal were 1705.6 microg and 92.2% for DEHP. Determination of urinary metabolites from 60 subjects reveals more than 90% of samples were detectable for mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-butyl phthalate (MBP) and mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Notably, the median value of estimated daily intake of DEHP had reached 91.6% of TDI established by the European Union Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) (1998). Thirty-seven percent of the study population exceeded the TDI and 85% exceeded the reference dose (RfD) of the US EPA. We conclude that the body burden of DEHP for Taiwanese reflects the intensives use of plastic materials in the region. The regulation of PVC for food preparation is necessary.     

污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为

研究通过模拟土柱淋溶实验来研究污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明污泥土地利用会明显增加土壤中铜的总量,但大部分集中在40 cm以上的土壤中。通过BCR连续提取法发现,经淋溶后耕作层（0 cm~30 cm）土壤中的铜仍然以残渣态为主（占50%以上）,但能被植物利用的酸溶/可交换态和可还原态铜有了明显的增加。与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨（pH=4.5）会使土壤中铜的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。     

载镁活化天然沸石处理高氟水实验研究

为了提高沸石对氟的吸附能力,采用氯化镁对活化天然沸石进行改性,分析了除氟剂的性能,确定了除氟剂改性的最佳条件:10%氯化镁溶液,固液比1∶4,pH=7.0,室温以300 r/min的速度振荡改性3h。最佳除氟条件:pH=7.0,室温以300 r/min的速度搅拌反应1.5 h。吸附剂对F-的吸附过程符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温线方程,由D-R模型拟合可知,除氟剂对氟的吸附为物理吸附过程。在最佳反应条件下,水样中氟浓度由2 mg/L降低到0.78 mg/L,符合GB5949-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》(≤1 mg/L)。     

Plant coexistence can enhance phytoextraction of cadmium by tobacco （Nicotiana tabacum L.） in contaminated soil

A mesocosm experiment was conducted to investigate whether plant coexistence affects cadmium (Cd) uptake by plant in contaminated soil.Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.var.K326) and Japanese clover (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.) were used.Cadmium was applied as 3CdSO 4 ·8H 2 O in solution at three levels (0,1,and 3 mg/kg soil) to simulate an unpolluted soil and soils that were slightly and moderately polluted with Cd.Tobacco (crop),Japanese clover (non-crop),and their combination were grown under each C...     

Nutrient distribution within and release from the contaminated sediment of Haihe River

We assessed nutrient characteristics, distributions and fractions within the disturbed and undisturbed sediments at four sampling sites within the mainstream of Haihe River. The river sediments contained mostly sand (> 60%). The fraction of clay was < 3%. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations ranged from 729 to 1922 mg/kg and from 692 to 1388 mg/kg, respectively. Nutrient concentrations within the sediments usually decreased with increasing depth. The TN and TP concentrations within the fine sand were higher than for that within silt. Sediment phosphorus fractions were between 2.99% and 3.37% Ex-P (exchangeable phosphorus), 7.89% and 13.71% Fe/Al-P (Fe, Al oxides bound phosphorus), 61.32% and 70.14% Ca-P (calcium-bound phosphorus), and 17.03% and 22.04% Org-P (organic phosphorus). Nitrogen and phosphorus release from sediment could lead to the presence of 21.02 mg N/L and 3.10 mg P/L within the water column. A river restoration project should address the sediment nutrient stock.