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81.
J. Pizarro P. M. Vergara J. L. Morales J. A. Rodríguez I. Vila 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(2):835-843
Understanding the interaction between anthropogenic land use and the rainfall pattern can be crucial to predict changes in total suspended solids (TSS) in streams and rivers. We assessed the effects of land use and annual rainfall on the TSS load of 19 southern Chilean catchments. The results indicated that the concentration of TSS increased in catchments with a rainy regime and greater annual precipitation. TSS load also increased as the surface of open areas increased at the catchment scale and decreased with increasing cover of glaciers and perennial snow. However, we did not find support for models with interaction terms between climate and land use. Results suggest that a regional decrease in annual rainfall accompanied by an increase in the altitude of the zero isotherms, as predicted by climate models, should have multiple effects on TSS. In particular, increased TSS load can be expected from a contraction of glaciers and perennial snow areas as well as the intensification of new crops and urban expansion. 相似文献
82.
Shallow-water octopuses have been reported as major predators of motile species in benthonic marine communities, capturing
their prey by different foraging techniques. This study assessed for the first time the feeding ecology, foraging behavior,
and defensive strategy during foraging, including the use of body patterns, to construct a general octopus foraging strategy
in a shallow water-reef system. Octopus insularis was studied in situ using visual observations and video recordings. The diet included at least 55 species of crustaceans
(70%), bivalves (17.5%), and gastropods (12.5%); however, only four species accounted for half of the occurrences: the small
crabs Pitho sp. (26.8%) and Mithrax forceps (23.9%), the bivalve Lima lima (5.3%), and the gastropod Pisania pusio (4.9%). Poke and crawl were most frequent foraging behaviors observed in the video recordings. The foraging behaviors were
associated with environmental variables and octopus body size. The sequences of foraging behavior showed characteristics of
a tactile saltatory searching predator, as well as a visual opportunist. Body patterns showed a relationship with foraging
behavior, habitat variables, and octopus body size. Mottle was the most frequent pattern, especially during poke and crawl,
in shallower depths. Dorsal light–ventral blue green was more frequent during swimming at mid-water, and Blotch was the normal
pattern during web-over by large animals. The large proportion of two species of small crabs in den remains, the intense search
for food during short hunting trips, and the intense use of cryptic body patterns during foraging trips, suggest that this
species is a ‘time-minimizing’ forager instead of a ‘rate-maximizer’. 相似文献
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85.
Kjetil Sagerup Vladimir Savinov Tatiana Savinova Vadim Kuklin Derek C.G. Muir Geir W. Gabrielsen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(8-9):2282-2290
The prediction of a higher parasite infection as a consequence of an impaired immune system with increasing persistent organic pollution (POP) and heavy metal levels were investigated in adult glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus) from Svalbard. The levels of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), toxaphenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in liver. Cupper, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium and zinc were measured in kidney samples. An elevated ratio of PCB-118 was found, suggesting that local contamination from the settlement was detectable in the glaucous gull. Eight cestodes, four nematodes, two acanthocephalan and three trematode helminth species were found in the intestine. A positive correlation was found between cestode intensities and selenium levels and between acanthocephalan intensities and mercury levels. No correlation was found between parasite intensities and POP concentrations. It is concluded that the contaminant levels found in glaucous gulls do not cause immune suppression severe enough to affect parasite intensity. 相似文献
86.
Tatiana V. Komarova Michael E. Bartkow Steve Carter 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(3):731-736
Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed in water using four different methods: a typical SPMD cage with and without a mesh cover, a bowl chamber and without any protection. In addition to routinely used performance reference compounds (PRCs), perdeuterated dibenz[a,h]anthracene was added. Due to its high sampler to water partition coefficient no measurable clearance due to diffusion was expected during the deployment period, hence any observed loss could be attributed to photodegradation. The loss of PRCs was measured and SPMD-based water concentrations determined. Results showed that a typical SPMD deployment cage covered with mesh provided the best protection from photodegradation. Samplers which had undergone the highest photodegradation underestimated PAH water concentrations by up to a factor of 5 compared to the most protected SPMDs. This study demonstrates that the potential for photodegradation needs to be addressed when samplers are deployed in water of low turbidity. 相似文献
87.
M. Préndez J. Wachter C. Vega R.G. Flocchini P. Wakayabashi J.R. Morales 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(34):5575-5578
Collection of PM2.5 particles was carried out in Antarctica in the summer periods of years 2006 and 2007 using solar panels to operate the sampling unit. The unit was installed 2.5 km from the B. O'Higgins Chilean base to avoid possible air contamination from oil or gas burning electric power stations. The aerosols were analyzed by XRF identifying twenty elements between Na and Sr. Results showed the presence of elements of typical Earth crust and seawater origins. In addition, considerable amounts of non-sea sulfur together with traces of Pb and Se from probable long distant anthropogenic activities were observed. 相似文献
88.
Enrique González Ferradás Marta Doval Miñarro Isabel María Morales Terrés Francisco José Marzal Martínez 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(21-22):2640-2645
EC Directive 2008/50/CE on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe specifies the obligations of Member States regarding fixed measurements of atmospheric pollutants in areas where maximum concentration levels exceed the lower assessment threshold. However, indications as to the siting of atmospheric monitoring stations are less precise and sometimes confusing. Campaigns to measure benzene and other volatile organic compounds in Murcia in 2007 and 2008 revealed that the areas where measurements coincided with the mean concentration for the whole city were always practically the same. Consequently, we propose a method for siting atmospheric monitoring stations in cities for which emission sources remain steady throughout the year, as is the case for cities in most southern European countries, where the most important emission source is traffic. The method is particularly useful for towns in which only one fixed measuring point is compulsory and should help local authorities in making correct decisions in this context. 相似文献
89.
Leão Marcos Lorran Paranhos Penteado Julia Oliveira Ulguim Sabrina Morales Gabriel Rômulo Reginato dos Santos Marina Brum Aline Neutzling Zhang Linjie da Silva Júnior Flavio Manoel Rodrigues 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(31):41843-41850
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Studies around the world have revealed reduced levels of atmospheric particulate matter in periods of greatest human mobility restriction to contain... 相似文献
90.
William F. Ryan Bruce G. Doddridge Russell R. Dickerson Raymond M. Morales Kristen A. Hallock Paul T. Roberts 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(9):786-797
ABSTRACT Ozone (O3) concentrations in the Baltimore-Washington (B-W) metropolitan area frequently exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in the summer months. The most extreme O3 events occur in multi-day high O3 episodes.1 These events can be regional in scale, with O3 concentrations exceeding the NAAQS at numerous locations along the eastern U.S. seaboard, and are typically associated with slow-moving or stagnant high pressure systems.2-5 In the B-W region, the most extreme events typically occur with surface high pressure overhead or just west of the region and an upper air high-pressure area (ridge) to the west or northwest.1 Besides providing conditions conducive to local O3 production (subsidence and strong low-level inversions, weak horizontal winds, little cloud cover), this weather pattern may also result in transport of O3 and its precursors from heavily industrialized areas west and north of the B-W region. In this paper, observations and back trajectories made during the severe regional O3 event of July 12-15, 1995, are used to confirm the hypothesis that significant regional-scale transport of O3 and its precursors occur during extreme O3 events of the standard type in the B-W area. 相似文献