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251.
Amphoteric surfactants form part of specialty surfactants available for formulators to improve or design new formulations in response to environmental, toxicity, safety and performance demands. Nevertheless, limited information on the ecological properties of amphoterics is available. In the present work, the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability and the aquatic toxicity of different types of amphoteric surfactants (three alkyl betaines, one alkylamido betaine and three alkyl imidazoline derivatives) were studied. The amphoteric surfactants tested were readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions (CO(2) headspace test) and alkylamido betaines and alkyl imidazoline derivatives were also easily biodegradable under anaerobic conditions (test based on the ECETOC method). Toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Daphnia magna increased with the fatty chain length of the surfactant. The EC(50) toxicity values of the amphoterics tested were higher than 5 mg/L, and alkyl imidazoline derivatives, with EC(50) values from 20 to >200 mg/L, showed the lowest aquatic toxicity. 相似文献
253.
Xu Q Barrios CA Cutright T Newby BM 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2005,12(5):278-284
- Goal, Scope, Background. The traditional solution for keeping unwanted organisms from attaching to submerged surfaces is to
apply anti-fouling coatings. The most common antifoulant was tributyltin (TBT). TBT systems were highly effective but were
also toxic to non-target organisms. The use of the TBT based coatings will be completely banned by January 1, 2008. Therefore,
there is an urgent need to seek out suitable non-toxic alternatives.
Methods The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of capsaicin and zosteric acid as natural product antifoulants (NPAs)
in deterring bacterial attachment. Two fresh water bacteria systems Pseudomonas putida (Pp) and bacteria isolated from Lake
Erie (LE) were used to assess the attachment when the NPAs dispersed in the water. Effectiveness was ascertained based on
the decrease in microbial attachment, limited toxicity, and minimum alteration of the coatings properties.
Results and Discussion A significant inhibition of bacteria attachment was achieved when aqueous capsaicin concentration was increased from 0 to
40 mg/L. For instance, after 14 days the LE system depicted 93.5% and 98.5% less biofilm coverage for 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L
capsaicin, respectively when compared to systems without NPA. Biofilm coverage was reduced by 92.5% and 98.2%, respectively
with 50 mg/L and 500 mg/L zosteric acid.
Conclusions Both capsaicin and zosteric acid was effective at preventing bacteria attachment. As the NPA aqueous concentration increased,
biofilm formation decreased. Evaluating changes in aqueous pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, aqueous microbial population
and biofilm formation suggested that the primary antifoulant mechanism of these two NPAs was to block the bacteria's active
sites versus posing a lethal level.
Recommendation and Perspective From the attachment study, zosteric acid appeared to be more effective in preventing bacterial attachment when the NPAs were
dispersed in the aqueous environment. For practical applications, the antifoulant needs to be incorporated into a coating
and have a slow release rate. Thus the ability to successfully incorporate zosteric acid into a coating, without deterring
bacterial attachment, needs to be investigated. 相似文献
254.
Semisolid olive-mill residues, pine chips, and mixtures of both residues contain phytotoxic components capable of inhibiting germination and vegetative growth in plants. Solid-state cultures of Phanerochate flavido-alba on pine chips or mixtures of both residues reduce these phytotoxic effects in fermented substrates. The phenol and lipid contents in cultures detoxified by this fungus also decreases. 相似文献
255.
Jui-Der Liou Chih-Ping Chen W. Roy Breg John C. Hobbins Maurice J. Mahoney Teresa L. Yang-Feng 《黑龙江环境通报》1993,13(1):1-8
From September 1984 to April 1991, we performed cytogenetic analysis on fetal blood samples from 214 second-and third-trimester pregnancies. One hundred and thirty-four cases were referred to consider the possibility of chromosomal mosaicism following amniocyte studies. The confirmation rate of mosaicism is at 0 per cent (0/9), 1·4 per cent (1/70), and 40 per cent (22/55) for cases of level I, level II, and level III mosaicism, respectively. Four out of 17 cases were positive for the diagnosis of fragile X syndrome. Of 63 cases with abnormal ultrasound findings, blood disorders, or other genetically related clinical conditions, 11 were found to have a chromosome abnormality. Fetal blood sampling is a valuable adjunct to other methods in the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal mosaicism or pseudomosaicism. It is also useful when rapid cytogenetic diagnosis is desired because of malformations detected in pregnancies at a late gestational age. 相似文献
256.
Tejedor MT Cenarro A Tejedor D Stef M Palacios L de Castro I García-Otín AL Monteagudo LV Civeira F Pocovi M 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2011,98(11):943-949
Variations in the gene encoding the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) can cause familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), one of the most common inherited metabolic disorders in humans. The functional
effects of the p.Gln92Glu and p.Asn564His alterations are predicted as benign, but the c.313 + 1G>C and p.Lys799_Phe801del
changes are believed to cause disease. Although p.Gln92Glu and c.313 + 1G>C have been observed only in Spain, p.Asn564His
and p.Lys799_Phe801del are widespread in Western Europe. In order to estimate the ages (t generations) of these four variants of the gene, to determine their possible origin and to consider the influence of age
and selective pressure on their spread, we analyzed 86 healthy individuals and 126 FH patients in Spain. Most of the FH patients
investigated carried two of these four LDLR variants simultaneously, while only one patient carried three of them simultaneously. Haplotype analyses were based on five
LDLR SNPs: c.81T>C, c.1413G>A, c.1725C>T, c.1959T>C and c.2232G>A. The results suggest that p.Gln92Glu and c.313 + 1G>C arose
at about the same time (99 and 103 generations ago, respectively) in the CACTG haplotype and that p.Asn564His and p.Lys799_Phe801del
appeared in the CGCCG haplotype and might be slightly more recent variations (92 and 95 generations ago, respectively). Low
selective pressures could explain the maintenance of these variants in spite of their ages. The origin of p.Gln92Glu and c.313 + 1G>C
appears to be in Spain whereas p.Asn564His and p.Lys799_Phe801del could have been introduced in Spain by Celtic migrations
in the seventh to fifth centuries BC. 相似文献
257.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of additives for enhancing the aerobic biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE). The parameters investigated include the initial TCE concentration, addition of extra bacteria, use of toluene as an inducer and hydrogen peroxide as terminal electron acceptor (TEA). Without additive, degradation efficiencies of >or=80% were obtained for TCE concentrations<700 mg/L. According to the second-order polynomial RSM and biodegradation results, the use of toluene to induce enzyme production inhibited degradation at TCE concentrations<300 mg/L. The addition of hydrogen peroxide did improve the overall degradation efficiency but decreased the degradation rate. The RSM model for toluene, extra bacteria and TEA predicted that the best approach to optimize degradation of high TCE concentrations is to ensure adequate population in conjunction with supplemental TEA. 相似文献
258.
Teresa Catry Jaime A. Ramos Matthieu Le Corre Jessica Kojadinovic Paco Bustamante 《Marine Biology》2008,155(6):637-647
Nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) stable isotopes and contaminants, such as mercury, have been widely used to characterise foraging ecology of temperate
and polar seabirds. In this study, for the first time, we used isotopic signatures and mercury levels of feathers and blood
of eight tropical seabird species, that forage in a range-gradient between inshore and offshore areas, to describe the foraging
habits of a large tropical seabird community (from two neighboring islands of the Seychelles archipelago, western Indian Ocean)
during both the breeding and inter-breeding periods. Overall, we found a high overlap in both δ15N and δ13C signatures among species. The high inter-specific overlap in δ15N values was expected, given the similarities in the diet of the species from this community. However, several unexpected
results, such as (1) the consistently higher δ15N signatures of white terns (Gygis alba), (2) the large variation in inter-specific differences in δ15N signatures among the sampling groups (season, age, island and tissue) and (3) the consistent low δ15N values of breeding birds during the northwest monsoon (austral summer), suggest that δ15N signatures cannot be used as indicators of seabird trophic levels in this community. The high inter-specific overlap in
δ13C signatures and the absence, during the breeding season, of a δ13C gradient that follows the inshore-offshore foraging gradient within the community can be explained by the habitat homogeneity
of the Seychelles continental shelf and suggest that birds forage mostly within the limits of this “plateau”. On the other
hand, the similarities in δ13C values between the breeding and inter-breeding periods in species that are known to show post-breeding dispersal, strongly
support the hypothesis of a lack of latitudinal variation in δ13C signatures of POM in the central Indian Ocean, and the consequent inaccuracy of δ13C values to track seabird movements within this geographic area. Inter-specific differences in mercury levels seem to be related
to prey size, while consistent higher mercury concentrations in one of the studied islands suggest different island mercury-backgrounds
and possible segregation in foraging areas between the seabirds of the two islands.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
259.
Bags of S. auriculatum and a low‐volume aerosol sampler with filters were exposed, in parallel, to the urban atmosphere of Oporto at four sampling points and for about two months periods, between 1991 and 1994. The levels of lead in the moss (weekly samples) and in the filters (daily samples) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the results were compared. In dry weather periods (relative humidity ≤ 76%) the rate of lead uptake by moss was approximately constant and proportional to the levels of the metal in atmospheric aerosols. A converting factor (CF = lPbmoss l (μg/g.day)/ l Pbair l (μg/m3)) allowed conversion of the lead levels in S. auriculatum to those in the atmospheric aerosols. Because the moss fixed lead from gas, aerosol and particulated matter, the rate of sorption depends markedly on the distance to the lead sources (traffic) and on surrounding obstacles which retain particles. Therefore, specific calibration by mechanic monitoring at each point of sampling is required when moss bag samplers are used to provide quantitative information about lead levels in the atmosphere. In wet weather periods, higher but irregular rate of lead uptake was observed. In contrast, the lead levels in atmospheric aerosols decreased when the humidity increased due to wet deposition. Therefore, no proportionality between the lead levels in the moss and in the air were found. 相似文献
260.
Patrizia Jereb Rita Cannas Porzia Maiorano Giambattista Bello Fulvio Garibaldi Marco Mereu Francesco G. Ancona Giovanni Ammendolia Pietro Battaglia Önder Duysak Hendrik Jan T. Hoving Eugenia Lefkaditou Marek R. Lipinski Riccardo Melis Panagiota N. Peristeraki Sergio Ragonese Teresa Romeo Alp Salman Maria Begoña Santos Alberto Villari Danila Cuccu 《Marine Biology》2016,163(11):229