海州湾岩芯沉积物稀土元素特征与物源分析

通过对海州湾潮滩HZ02岩芯沉积物中稀土元素的地球化学特征进行分析,以期探讨其物质来源。结果表明:HZ02岩芯中稀土元素平均值为225.36×10-6; 稀土元素类型特征表现为轻稀土富集而重稀土相对亏损、δEu中等程度亏损、δCe为弱的负异常; 岩芯沉积物稀土元素配分模式与陆源沉积物的稀土配分模式十分相似,可能暗示海州湾潮滩沉积物来源主要受陆源影响和控制。而且,1958年以前沉积物主要来源于临洪河,其次为废黄河,1958年以后,由于修建石梁河水库,临洪河物质减少。     

聚丙烯装置造粒系统改造后职业病危害因素调查

目的:了解聚丙烯装置造粒系统改造后的职业病危害状况,提出职业病危害的关键防护点。方法:对改造后的造粒系统进行职业卫生现状调查,确定了主要的职业病危害因素,并采用定点及个体的采样方式对工作场所的职业病危害因素进行了检测。结果:工作场所的噪声、个体粉尘、电离辐射及高温检测结果均符合国家职业卫生限值标准,定点粉尘检测结果为26.05~29.33mg/m3,超出国家限值要求。结论:确定了噪声、粉尘为该系统改造后的主要职业病危害因素,应对存在的职业病危害因素加强治理以降低工作场所职业病危害因素的浓(强)度,维护作业人员的身体健康。     

三峡工程运行对洞庭湖水环境及富营养化风险影响评述

洞庭湖的江湖关系受自然因素及人为因素影响,其江湖关系的变化影响洞庭湖水文、水质、水环境容量和营养状态.近年来洞庭湖的富营养化指数不断升高,但水环境变化及富营养化风险变化的原因错综复杂,如何区分三峡工程运行等人类活动和气候变化等自然因素对洞庭湖水环境、富营养化风险的影响是洞庭湖江湖关系研究的难点.根据近年来洞庭湖江湖关系、水环境或富营养化水平的相关研究,对洞庭湖由于三峡工程运行导致的江湖关系变化,以及该变化对洞庭湖水环境、富营养化风险的影响的研究进展进行系统梳理、分析、总结和评述.现阶段研究得出,三峡工程运行导致的江湖关系变化影响洞庭湖不同时段的水环境容量,在一定程度上改善了枯水期和泄水期洞庭湖水质;三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水体中的ρ（TP）有所降低,但洞庭湖湖体ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）仍相对较高,已能够满足藻类生长的需求,水华发生的制约条件是水体透明度和水流流速;江湖关系变化后洞庭湖富营养化风险增大的时段是蓄水期,其他时段富营养化风险减小;流速较低的东洞庭湖湖滩区、蓄水期流速降低明显的南洞庭湖滩区水华发生的风险增大,为水华发生的敏感区域.大型枢纽工程对通江湖泊污染物迁移转化影响的机理分析、对通江湖泊水环境影响的模拟及相关参数研究、对湖泊水环境及富营养化风险的长期影响等方面的研究还有待进一步完善.      

粤北山区相对贫困村的脱贫潜力评价及类型划分——以连州市为例

贫困村的脱贫能力直接影响脱贫工作的成效,研究发达省份欠发达地区相对贫困村的脱贫潜力问题有助于确保我国脱贫任务的全面完成。论文以广东省欠发达地区粤北连州市为例,从村级尺度出发分析其相对贫困村的基本特征,进而构建脱贫潜力评价体系,借助层次分析法和熵权法共同确定评价因子权重,利用加权求和方法完成连州市66个相对贫困村的脱贫潜力等级评价,并利用脱贫制约因素得分划分脱贫潜力类型。结果表明：1）连州市的相对贫困村自然区位条件较差,经济基础非常薄弱,耕地资源相对匮乏,受政策约束影响较大,空间分布呈集聚型;2）脱贫潜力评价指标体系包括自然区位、资源条件、经济因素、社会保障和设施配套等5个要素层共22个因子,其中权重占比最大的是经济因素和设施配套的6个因子;3）脱贫潜力评价结果划分为5个等级,其中属于脱贫潜力中等以上的相对贫困村占65.15%,说明连州市相对贫困村的脱贫潜力总体情况较好;4）脱贫潜力类型划分中,优先脱贫型占16.67%,稳步脱贫型占28.79%,重点帮扶型占54.54%。研究结果能为地方政府制定精准的脱贫策略提供科学有效的支撑与指引。     

Effects of biochars on the bioaccessibility of phenanthrene/pyrene/zinc/lead and microbial community structure in a soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The immobilization of co-contaminants of organic and inorganic pollutants by biochar is an efficient remediation strategy. However, the effect of biochar amendments on the bioaccessibility of the co-contaminants in dry versus flooded soils has rarely been compared. In batch experiments, bamboo-derived biochar(BB) had a higher sorption capacity for phenanthrene(Phe)/pyrene(Pyr)/zinc(Zn) than corn straw-derived biochar(CB), while CB had a higher sorption capacity for lead(Pb) than BB. After 150 days of incubation, the amendments of 2% CB, 0.5% BB and 2% BB effectively suppressed the dissipation and reduced the bioaccessibility of Phe/Pyr by 15.65%/18.02%, 17.07%/18.31%and 25.43%/27.11%, respectively, in the aerobic soils. This effectiveness was more significant than that in the anaerobic soils. The accessible Zn/Pb concentrations were also significantly lower in the aerobic soils than in the anaerobic soils, regardless of treatments.The Gram-negative bacterial biomass and the Shannon–Weaver index in the aerobic soil amended with 2% CB were the highest. The soil microbial community structure was jointly affected by changes in the bioaccessibility of the co-contaminants and the soil physiochemical properties caused by biochar amendments under the two conditions. Therefore, dry land farming may be more reliable than paddy soil cultivation at reducing the bioaccessibility of Phe/Pyr/Zn/Pb and enhancing the soil microbial diversity in the short term.     

Baosteel emission control significantly benefited air quality in Shanghai

As the largest iron and steel producer in China, a part of Baosteel moved out of Shanghai deserves close attention due to its environmental impact. To understand the effect of Baosteel emission control on air quality in Shanghai, daily PM_(10), PM_(2.5), SO_2, NO_2 and CO were measured from 2010 to 2016. Concentrations of pollutants in Baoshan District presented a decreased trend during 2010–2016, with a reduction rate of 28.6% for PM_(10), 67.3% for SO_2, 8.6% for NO_2 and 42.0% for CO. However, fine particle pollution in Baoshan District during 2012–2016 seems to become more prominent, with PM_(2.5) concentration of 47 ± 28,45 ± 33, 38 ± 24, 54 ± 41 and 51 ± 34 μg/m3, respectively, indicating a slight increase of 8.5%in PM_(2.5). Concentrations of PM_(10) and CO decreased by 12.5% and 33.8% in the second half year in 2016(compared with that in 2015) probably due to closure of blast furnace of Baosteel. Baosteel was identified as the largest pollution source in Baoshan District.Emission from Baosteel accounted for 58.0% of SO_2, 43.6% of NO_2 and 79.3% of dust in total emission from Baoshan District during 2010–2015. Meanwhile, pollutant emission and coal consumption from Baosteel decreased by 52.0% for SO_2, 40.1% for NO_2, 15.7% for dust and22% for coal consumption. Energy consumption in Baoshan District reduced by 31% from2011 to 2015. Air quality improvement in Shanghai was attributed to local emission reduction, together with regional air quality improvement.     

主、次裂隙对岩石变形破坏机制的影响研究

为研究主、次裂隙在近似T型分布下对岩石变形破坏机制的影响,基于含主、次裂隙类岩石试件的单轴压缩试验及线弹性断裂力学理论,研究了轴向压缩下由夹角变化引起裂隙岩石中主、次裂隙应力场的变化规律,并进一步探究了其对岩石强度与变形特征的影响。研究结果表明:次裂隙的存在对单一裂隙试件的强度特征有明显影响,含次裂隙试件强度降至单一裂隙试件的30.2%~47.5%;裂隙夹角由30°增加至60°时引起主裂隙相交节点两侧剪应力方向由同向转变为异向,由应力的叠加转变为应力的抵消,对裂隙岩石的破坏过程产生抑制作用,从而增强岩石的峰值强度;相较于裂隙间应力场的相互影响,新增裂隙数量所增加的能量消耗引起的强度特征变化更为显著。     

城市安全风险评估区域评估模型应用研究

本文从城市安全风险评估中区域评估这一角度出发,为了实现对城市安全风险管理工作中重点区域重点监管,构建了区域评估模型,并以燕山地区为研究对象,基于层次分析法建立城市重大事故风险水平指标体系,计算出风险贡献权重,再根据建立的评估模型计算燕山地区不同区域的风险值,从而找出风险大的区域。该模型对城市安全风险评估工作具有适用性和可操作性。     

铜冶炼企业风险信息数据库的构建与应用

基于风险管理科学原理,以国内某铜冶炼企业为例,通过实地调查研究企业生产作业活动及安全管理现状,选取科学适用的风险辨识方法,系统全面的辨识企业生产过程安全风险,建立企业安全风险信息数据库,并且进行常态化的动态更新,保证企业安全风险信息与企业生产实际的契合。同时以风险信息数据库为依托,完善企业安全管理手段并开发新的安全风险管控手段,以实现安全风险信息数据库在企业安全管理的实际应用,避免或减少安全生产事故的发生。     

山区高速公路空间郁闭度对驾驶员视觉及生理指标的影响

为了解高速公路空间郁闭度对驾驶员视觉行为和心理状态的影响规律,在山区高速公路开展室外实车试验,采用Dikablis眼镜式眼动仪和Varioport生理记录仪记录了驾驶员的眼动和生理数据,包括注视时间百分比、平均注视时间、扫视幅度、眨眼率、心电、心率、皮电等。结果表明,随空间郁闭度增加,驾驶员皮电和扫视幅度增大,眨眼率和平均注视持续时间减小,视点越来越集中。随着驾驶员的逐渐适应,空间环境对驾驶员的心理影响逐渐减弱。驾驶员主要关注中间靠左区域,目标物为中央分隔带和前方道路。开敞空间下驾驶员对右侧区域有少量关注。半郁闭空间下驾驶员皮电呈现规律性的波动,对于左侧区域的关注明显增多,对右侧区域的注视持续时间较长,视点集中点更远。