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251.
Scott Elliott Chih-Yue Jim Kao Frank Gifford Sumner Barr Mei Shen R.P. Turco Mark Jacobson 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4263-4274
Ozone generation is computed in a one-dimensional photochemistry code following convective redistribution of tropical urban effluent into the free troposphere. Simulations are run at several stages of pollutant dilution by surrounding surface air. A threshold boundary layer NOx concentration of 300 pptv is established for significant production enhancements at upper levels. Areas defined by the 300 pptv level are examined in the Gaussian dispersion framework based on a wet season plume event observed in Amazonia. Pollution travels slowly in the sluggish winds of the equatorial trough. Daily storms are likely to interrupt the effluent while coverages are still on the order of few thousand square kilometers and NOx concentrations are above the threshold. Dry season plume sizes are difficult to assess because local concentration data are scarce, but it is conceivable that the faster trade winds lead to a several fold extension. 相似文献
252.
Azo-dyes photocatalytic degradation in aqueous suspension of TiO2 under solar irradiation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Augugliaro V Baiocchi C Prevot AB García-López E Loddo V Malato S Marcí G Palmisano L Pazzi M Pramauro E 《Chemosphere》2002,49(10):1223-1230
The photodegradation of two common and very stable azo-dyes, i.e. methyl-orange (C14H14N3SO3Na) and orange II (C16H11N2SO4Na), is reported. The photocatalytic oxidation was carried out in aqueous suspensions of polycrystalline TiO2 irradiated by sunlight. Compound parabolic collectors, installed at the “Plataforma Solar de Almería” (PSA, Spain) were used as the photoreactors and two identical reacting systems allowed to perform photoreactivity runs for the two dyes at the same time and under the same irradiation conditions. The disappearance of colour and substrates together with the abatement of total organic carbon content was monitored. The main sulfonate-containing intermediates were found to be in lower number in respect to those obtained under artificial irradiation. In particular there were no more evidence of the presence of hydroxylated transients. The dependence of dye photooxidation rate on: (i) substrate concentration; (ii) catalyst amount; and (iii) initial pH was investigated. The influence of the presence of strong oxidant species (H2O2, S2O82−) and some ions (Cl−, SO42−) on the process was also studied. 相似文献
253.
Sun WH Lo JB Robert FM Ray C Tang CS 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2004,11(4):260-266
GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: This glasshouse study is aimed at evaluating tropical plants for phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated saline sandy subsurface soils. Tropical plants were selected for their ability to tolerate high salinity and remove No. 2 diesel fuel in coastal topsoil prior to further investigation of the phytoremediation feasibility in deep contaminated soils. The residual petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminant at the John Rogers Tank Farm site, a former petroleum storage facility, at Hickam Air Force Base, Honolulu, Hawaii, is located in a coastal area. It lies below a layer of silt in the subsurface, in loamy sand characterized by moderate salinity and high pH. Little is known regarding the ability of tropical plants to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface soil in Hawaiian and other Pacific Island ecosystems although suitable plants have been identified and utilized for bioremediation in surface soil or marine sediments. METHODS: The experiments were conducted in long narrow pots under glasshouse conditions in two phases. A preliminary experiment was done with nine tropical plants: kiawe (Prosopis pallida), milo (Thespesia populnea), common ironwood (Casuarina equisetifolia), kou (Cordia subcordata), tropical coral tree (Erythrina variegata), false sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense), beach naupaka (Scaevola sericea), oleander (Nerium oleander), and buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris). These plants were screened for resistance to high salinity treatment (2% NaCl) and two diesel fuel levels (5 and 10 g No. 2 diesel fuel/kg soil) in separate treatments. Plants that showed good tolerance of both factors were further evaluated in a second phase for their efficacy in the phytoremediation of diesel-fuel petroleum hydrocarbons under moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). RESULTS: Tropical coral tree and buffelgrass were susceptible to either 2% NaCl or diesel fuel at 10 g/kg soil, but tolerant of diesel fuel at 5 g/kg soil. Kiawe, milo, kou, common ironwood, N. oleander, beach naupaka and false sandalwood were tolerant of high salinity (2% NaCl) or high diesel fuel level (10 g/kg soil). These seven plants were also tolerant of the combined adverse effects of a moderate salinity (1% NaCl) and 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil. Three trees, kiawe, milo and kou significantly accelerated the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil spiked with 10 g diesel fuel/kg soil under a moderate salinity treatment (1% NaCl). CONCLUSION: Thus the tropical woody plants, kiawe, milo and kou showed potential for use in phytoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in coastal tropical soils. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Two fast growing trees, milo and kou, appeared promising for further phytoremediation evaluation in experiments that simulate the soil profile at the field site. 相似文献
254.
Odours from pulp mill effluent treatment ponds: the origin of significant levels of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pulp and paper mills are well known for their sharp, sulphurous stack emissions, but the secondary treatment units also can be significant contributors to local odour. This study investigated the source(s) of earthy/musty emissions from a mixed hardwood pulp mill in response to a high local odour. Samples from five sites in the mill over five months were analyzed for earthy/musty volatile organic compounds (VOCs), examined microscopically, and plated for bacteria and moulds. In all cases, activated sludge showed substantial geosmin levels and to a lesser extent 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) at 2000-9000 times their odour threshold concentrations (OTCs). These VOCs were lower or absent upstream and downstream, suggesting that they were produced within the bioreactor. Geosmin and MIB were highest in late summer and declined over winter, and correlated with different operating parameters. Geosmin was most closely coupled with temperature and MIB with nitrogen uptake. Cyanobacteria were present in all sludge samples, but actinomycetes were not found. Gram-negative bacteria and one fungal species isolated from the bioreactor and secondary outfall tested negative for geosmin or MIB. We conclude: (i) geosmin and MIB contribute significantly to airborne odours from this mill, but are diluted below OTC levels at the river; (ii) these VOCs are generated by biota in the activated sludge; and (iii) cyanobacteria are likely primary source(s). The growth of cyanobacteria in activated sludge represents a loss of energy to the heterotrophic population; thus earthy/musty odours may represent a diagnostic for less than optimal conditions. 相似文献
255.
A sensitivity analysis (SA) was conducted on the analytical models considered in the risk-based corrective-action (RBCA) methodology
of risk analysis, as developed by the American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM), to predict a contaminant‘s concentration
in the affected medium at the point of human exposure. These models are of interest because evaluations regarding the best
approach to contaminated site remediation are shifting toward increased use of risk-based decision, and the ASTM RBCA methodology
represents the most effective and internationally widely used standardized guide for risk assessment process. This paper identifies
key physical and chemical parameters that need additional precision and accuracy consideration in order to reduce uncertainty
in models prediction, thereby saving time, money and engineering effort in the data collection process. SA was performed applying
a variance-based method to organic contaminants migration models with reference to soil-to-groundwater leaching ingestion
exposure scenario. Results indicate that model output strongly depends on the organic-carbon partition coefficient, organic-carbon
content, net infiltration, Darcy velocity, source-receptor distance, and first-order decay constant. 相似文献
256.
257.
Alberto Turco MD Bernard Peissel Piero Quaia Raffaella Morandi Luciano Bovicelli Pier Franco Pignatti 《黑龙江环境通报》1992,12(6):513-524
A prenatal diagnosis was carried out on a 9-week-old fetus at risk for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Ten members of the family were previously typed using five DNA markers linked to the PKD1 locus on chromosome 16, and one marker linked to the putative PKD2 locus on chromosome 2. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the D16S125 locus. Pairwise and multipoint lod scores indicated that the family was most likely segregating a PKD1 mutation. The fetus inherited the disease haplotype from the affected parent. Diagnostic accuracy was greater than 99 per cent, taking into account the possibility of genetic heterogeneity. 相似文献
258.
Giovanni Randazzo Massimo Lo Curzio Stefania Lanza 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2008,12(3):161-168
The Industrial District (I.D.) of Messina was the first public authority to consider useful the application of the Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA) procedure for the development of an Industrial Plan regarding a coastal area. At the moment
the I.D. includes six areas, but the application of the SEA concerns only the area of Pace del Mela (along the north-eastern
coast of Sicily), where a “District of the two Seas” will be created, based on the synergetic development between an industrialized
niche (shipbuilding) and touristic development (port and hotels). The area in which this type of intervention will occur is
not in use at the moment and it was not possible to collect environmental data. For this reason, in order to describe the
environmental features of this territory, we took into consideration a few indicators which could be easily identified, necessary
for a post evaluation which considers the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the industrial and suburban structures
to be built. 相似文献
259.
The Allee effect (the positive relationship between population growth rate and population size) is a constraint of some animal populations at low numbers, which increases their likelihood of extinction because of a decrease in reproduction and/or survival. We were able to demonstrate that the Allee effect can be the result of a mortality increase affecting floaters (i.e. dispersing individuals able to enter as breeders in the reproductive population when a breeding territory or a potential mate – owner of a suitable breeding territory – becomes available). Previously, potential mechanisms underlying Allee effects were always related to the breeding portion of a population only. In contrast, our understanding of or solutions to population declines due to the Allee effects can reside elsewhere, away from breeding territories. 相似文献
260.
The pattern of genetic variability of two species of Mediterranean gobiids was compared, with reference to their different
life history traits (Aphia minuta paedomorphic and pelagic; Gobius
niger metamorphosed and benthic). The aim was to evaluate how different life histories can affect the genetic structure in these
marine teleosts. The study was carried out on populations of both species sampled in the western Mediterranean and in the
Adriatic Sea. Seven restriction endonucleases were used for the RFLP analysis of a mitochondrial DNA segment comprising the
NADH dehydrogenase subunits 3, 4L and 4. The results highlighted two different patterns of genetic variation, a weak genetic
structure in A. minuta and population subdivision in G. niger. These observations may be explained not only in terms of the different dispersal capabilities of these species, but also
considering that A. minuta is an abbreviate iteroparous spawner while G. niger is a protracted iteroparous spawner. Because abbreviate iteroparity is a reproductive strategy selected in stable environments
with high resource availability, Pliocene and Pleistocene climate oscillations may have represented factors that negatively
influenced the reproductive success of A. minuta, producing demographic fluctuations and bottlenecks, as suggested by the mismatch distribution analysis. The weak genetic
structure of A. minuta populations seems to be therefore due to a more recent re-colonization of the Mediterranean basin after a severe population
decline, rather than to the high vagility of this pelagic goby. 相似文献