大连湾和大窑湾表层沉积物病毒分布特点

为了揭示近岸沉积物环境中的病毒-细菌关系,以及探讨病毒对污染环境的响应,本研究利用SYBR Green I染色计数法,分别对2012年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)和11月(秋季)大连湾和大窑湾表层沉积物中的病毒和细菌丰度进行了检测。结果表明:大连湾表层沉积物病毒丰度的季节变化表现为夏季春季秋季,最高值1.59108VLP/g(湿重)出现在夏季;最小值1.53106VLP/g出现在春季。平面分布春季为湾中 湾顶 湾口,夏季和秋季分布特点为湾中 湾口 湾顶。病毒和细菌有显著相关性(R2=0.80,n=20)。而大窑湾表层沉积物病毒丰度的季节变化则变现为夏季秋季春季,最高值7.08107VLP/g出现在夏季,最小值1.16106VLP/g出现在春季。大窑湾区域分为湾内和湾外,3个季节的平面分布均表现为湾外湾内。病毒和细菌的关联性较大连湾差(R2=0.50,n=12)。大连湾及大窑湾表层沉积物病毒与细菌之比分别为4.12和4.09。两个海湾沉积物病毒分布有所差异,可能与沉积物环境有关系,有待进一步研究。     

辽河口春、夏季浮游动物空间生态位的比较

春、夏季开展了辽河口周边海域浮游动物优势种的空间生态位研究,运用Levins公式和Petrailis指数测定了优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠程度,通过典范对应分析（CCA）研究了浮游动物生态位分化与环境因子的关系。结果表明,辽河口浮游动物优势种（类）季节演替明显,从春季到夏季优势种（类）的更替率为77.8%;优势种（类）的生态位宽度B_i变化范围为0.08~0.71,可分为广生态位（B_i>0.60）、中生态位（B_i=0.30~0.60）和窄生态位（B_i < 0.30）三大类型。广生态位的代表种有小拟哲水蚤和太平洋纺锤水蚤等,中生态位的代表种包括双毛纺锤水蚤和强额拟哲水蚤等,窄生态位的代表种有火腿伪镖水蚤和拟长腹剑水蚤等;生态位宽度相近的优势种（类）,其生态位重叠指数较高。CCA分析的结果表明,春、夏季影响浮游动物分布的主要因子均为盐度和DO。     

Male takeover,infanticide, and female countertactics in white-headed leaf monkeys (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trachypithecus leucocephalus</Emphasis>)

Infanticide by males is common in mammalian species such as primates in which lactation lasts much longer than gestation. It frequently occurs in one-male groups following male takeovers and is likely a male reproductive strategy. Reported female countertactics include abrupt weaning of infants, dispersal, or paternity confusion. Here, we estimated costs of female countertactics in terms of weaning ages and interbirth intervals. We observed a population of white-headed leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in Nongguan Nature Reserve, China (1995–2006) mainly composed of one-male groups. Takeovers (N = 11) coincided with the peak conception period. Detailed data are presented for five takeovers (34 females, 29 infants, and 47 group-years) leading to six infant disappearances (42.9% of infant mortality). All presumed infanticides were in accordance with the sexual selection hypothesis. Following a takeover, females without infants or with old infants stayed with the new males, incurring no or low costs (via abrupt weaning). Females with young infants dispersing with the old males also experienced low costs. High costs (due to infant loss) were incurred by pregnant females and those with young infants who stayed with the new males indicating that paternity was not confused. Costs in terms of long interbirth intervals were also high for females leaving with the old males to later join the new males, despite infant survival. Female countertactics reflected female philopatry mediated by infant age. Presumably due to the seasonal timing of takeovers, most countertactics seemed successful given that 32.3% of females apparently incurred no costs and 41.2% incurred only low costs.     

Effectiveness of protected areas for vertebrates based on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity

Establishing protected areas is the primary goal and tool for preventing irreversible biodiversity loss. However, the effectiveness of protected areas that target specific species has been questioned for some time because targeting key species for conservation may impair the integral regional pool of species diversity and phylogenetic and functional diversity are seldom considered. We assessed the efficacy of protected areas in China for the conservation of phylogenetic diversity based on the ranges and phylogenies of 2279 terrestrial vertebrates. Phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity were strongly and positively correlated, and only 12.1–43.8% of priority conservation areas are currently protected. However, the patterns and coverage of phylogenetic diversity were affected when weighted by species richness. These results indicated that in China, protected areas targeting high species richness protected phylogenetic diversity well overall but failed to do so in some regions with more unique or threatened communities (e.g., coastal areas of eastern China, where severely threatened avian communities were less protected). Our results suggest that the current distribution of protected areas could be improved, although most protected areas protect both taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity.     

Interaction of cyanate uptake by rice seedlings with nitrate assimilation: gene expression analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cyanate (CNO?) has been produced in the environment through either natural or anthropogenic sources. However, due to industrialization, it has...     

废水中聚丙烯酰胺在H-Beta分子筛上的吸附特性

将H-Beta用于处理含聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的驱油废水,研究了PAM在H-Beta上的吸附动力学和热力学特征,并考察了吸附条件对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型;在低PAM初始浓度(100 mg·L-1)时,吸附表观活化能40 k J·mol-1,说明H-Beta对PAM的吸附以化学吸附为主;在高PAM初始浓度(200和500 mg·L-1)时,吸附活化能降低,吸附向物理吸附转变.吸附等温线在低平衡浓度区符合Langmuir模型,25、40和50℃时的单层饱和吸附量分别达到70.2、76.9和90.9 mg·g-1;在高平衡浓度区符合Freundlich模型,表现为多层吸附.吸附主要来自氢键作用,为自发的吸热过程.p H为2~4,吸附剂用量为5 g·L-1时,具有更优的吸附效果.真实废水中油和盐类的存在对PAM在H-Beta上的吸附未产生不利影响.     

絮凝动力学的现状与研究方法进展

在絮凝动力学的发展中先后提出了Smoluchowski理论、Camp-Stein理论和微涡旋理论,但迄今尚存在若干不足,特别是还不能全面揭示湍流絮凝的致因,也未能得到符合实际的湍流絮凝速度方程,严重影响了水处理絮凝工艺与设备的设计及放大.近年来,粒子图像速度场仪(PIV)和计算流体力学(CFD)的发展为深入研究絮凝动力学提供了新的手段和方法,有望使湍流絮凝动力学得到进一步发展.     

土水特征曲线差异及其对试样力学性质的影响研究

相同条件下制备的重塑试样可能获得不同的土水特征曲线,导致试样的平衡饱和度存在差异,进而对非饱和土试样的力学性质产生影响。基于压力板仪对4个环刀试样的土水特征曲线进行量测,进而通过直剪试验对其力学性质进行研究。结果表明:土水特征曲线存在差异,而环刀的侧壁防护作用对土水特征曲线有重要影响;相同基质吸力下,饱和度对试样的力学性质影响明显,饱和度较小的试样具有较大的峰值强度,而饱和度相近的试样则表现出几乎一致的力学性质;撕裂带的产生对法向位移有着加成作用,但未对试样力学性质造成明显影响,而破坏面的凹凸情况将影响试样的峰值强度;受到试样与陶土板间连通性的影响,饱和度的差异可能随基质吸力的增大而反复出现。     

浮床栽培蕹菜根际脱氮微生物研究

浮床栽培植物是一种利用植物根系的吸收和根际微生物作用来改善水质的生物修复技术.本研究以温棚内浮床栽培蕹菜试验为基础,采用PFU法定期监测脱氮细菌变化情况,并与水中总氮含量进行对比,分析在浮床栽培植物情况下脱氮细菌的特征及其与水中总氮含量变化的关系,结果表明:1)栽培蕹菜有利于脱氮细菌的稳定生长;2)脱氮细菌的生长与总氮的去除有良好的相关性.研究为浮床栽培植物净化水质提供了理论依据,对该技术的推广应用有一定的理论和现实意义.表5,参10.