区域水环境系统脆弱性指标体系及综合决策模型研究

目前水环境系统脆弱性研究主要局限于水环境系统的单方面脆弱性研究,过于片面化,需要综合考虑水资源、水环境质量、旱涝灾害、社会经济以及生态环境等方面的脆弱性。根据水环境系统脆弱性是系统状态受到系统压力引起的敏感性以及系统状态对系统压力的适应性响应的观点,采用“压力-状态-响应”模式构建区域水环境系统脆弱性指标体系。区域水环境系统脆弱性研究中客观存在诸多不确定性,利用联系数描述上述不确定性过程中差异度系数在［-1,1］上取值仍存在不确定性,为此,构造三角模糊数刻画差异度系数取值的不确定性,给出三角模糊联系数的基本形式,取置信水平得出置信区间联系数,采用期望-方差排序法对置信区间联系数进行决策分析,建立基于三角模糊联系数的系统综合决策模型。此模型用于安徽省水环境系统脆弱性评价的结果表明,安徽省区域水环境系统脆弱等级介于［2.731 3.620］之间,脆弱性状况不容乐观,应采取相应措施改善区域水环境质量,降低区域水环境系统脆弱性,保障区域社会经济及生态环境的可持续发展     

恩施地区生态足迹和生态承载力评价

以恩施地区2010年统计数据为依据,对其2010年的生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈余进行计算和分析,并将生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈余和万元GDP生态足迹分别与恩施地区贫困村分布密度进行空间耦合。研究表明：（1）恩施地区人均生态盈余为0467 hm2,人均生态承载力为0947 1 hm2,人均生态足迹为048 hm2;（2）贫困村分布密度最高的来凤县、建始县人均生态盈余很少,而贫困村分布密度最低的利川市、咸丰县、宣恩县、鹤峰县,人均生态足迹最高和最低的县分别是咸丰县、宣恩县,鹤峰县的生态承载力最高,人均生态盈余最高的是宣恩县、鹤峰县,万元GDP生态足迹最高和最低的分别是利川市,巴东县;（3）通过生态足迹的研究,提出了恩施贫困地区需放大生态比较优势,〖JP2〗因地制宜,努力将生态盈余转化为直接的经济增长,使之能够有效的帮助贫困地区脱贫致富     

柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气

研究了采用柴油低温临界吸收法回收装车挥发油气的效果。实验结果表明：按装车挥发油气中的总烃体积分数为20.88%、装车挥发油气流量为280 m³/h、年运行时间为2 668 h计,装置年回收油气量为291 t,装置年最大运行功率为206.770 MW,装置投资回收期为3 a;处理后净化气中的总烃体积分数为1.24%,排放质量浓度低于25 g/m³,油气回收率达95%。处理后净化气满足GB 20950—2007《储油库大气污染物排放标准》,取得了较好的环保效益和经济效益。     

Co-composting of livestock manure with rice straw: Characterization and establishment of maturity evaluation system

Composting is considered to be a primary treatment method for livestock manure and rice straw, and high degree of maturity is a prerequisite for safe land application of the composting products. In this study pilot-scale experiments were carried out to characterize the co-composting process of livestock manure with rice straw, as well as to establish a maturity evaluation index system for the composts obtained. Two pilot composting piles with different feedstocks were conducted for 3 months: (1) swine manure and rice straw (SM–RS); and (2) dairy manure and rice straw (DM–RS). During the composting process, parameters including temperature, moisture, pH, total organic carbon (TOC), organic matter (OM), different forms of nitrogen (total, ammonia and nitrate), and humification index (humic acid and fulvic acid) were monitored in addition to germination index (GI), plant growth index (PGI) and Solvita maturity index. OM loss followed the first-order kinetic model in both piles, and a slightly faster OM mineralization was achieved in the SM–RS pile. Also, the SM–RS pile exhibited slightly better performance than the DM–RS according to the evolutions of temperature, OM degradation, GI and PGI. The C/N ratio, GI and PGI could be included in the maturity evaluation index system in which GI > 120% and PGI > 1.00 signal mature co-composts.     

Behavior and mechanism of arsenate adsorption on activated natural siderite: evidences from FTIR and XANES analysis

Activated natural siderite (ANS) was used to investigate its characteristics and mechanisms of As(V) adsorption from aqueous solution. Batch tests were carried out to determine effects of contact time, initial As(V) concentration, temperature, pH, background electrolyte, and coexisting anions on As(V) adsorption. Arsenic(V) adsorption on ANS well-fitted pseudo-second-order kinetics. ANS showed a high-adsorption capacity of 2.19 mg/g estimated from Langmuir isotherm at 25 °C. Thermodynamic studies indicated that As(V) adsorption on ANS was spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic. ANS adsorbed As(V) efficiently in a relatively wide pH range between 2.0 and 10.0, although the removal efficiency was slightly higher in acidic conditions than that in basic conditions. Effects of background electrolyte and coexisting anions were not significant within the concentration ranges observed in high As groundwater. Results of XRD and Fe K-edge XANES analysis suggested ANS acted as an Fe(II)/(III) hybrid system, which was quite effective in adsorbing As from aqueous solution. There was no As redox transformation during adsorption, although Fe(II) oxidation occurred in the system. Two infrared bands at 787 and 872 cm^?1 after As(V) adsorption suggested that As(V) should be predominantly adsorbed on ANS via inner-sphere bidendate binuclear surface complexes.     

A/O工艺N_2O的产生与释放的影响因素

采用A/O工艺,在连续运行条件下,以DO、SRT和硝化液回流比(R)为影响因素,对A/O生物脱氮工艺处理模拟城市生活污水过程中N2O的释放进行了研究。实验结果表明,SRT对A/O工艺N2O释放的影响最大,其次是DO,R的影响最小。N2O转化率随着SRT的升高而降低,当SRT从10 d升高到20 d时,总N2O平均转化率从0.319%下降到0.002%。总N2O转化率随着好氧池DO的升高先降低后有所升高,当DO分别为0.6 mg O2/L、1.2 mg O2/L、2.5 mg O2/L时,反应器的总N2O平均转化率分别为0.306%、0.007%和0.013%。R对N2O释放的影响差异不明显,总N2O平均转化率在300%时最低,为0.007%。N2O释放量最低的工艺运行条件组合是SRT为20 d、DO为1.2 mg O2/L、R为300%。     

竹制填料生物接触氧化工艺处理污染河水简

针对受污染的湖溪河水质特征,以传统弹性塑料填料做对比,研究以竹球和竹丝为填料的生物接触氧化工艺,考察填料的挂膜时间、生物量和污水处理效果;确定连续曝气和间歇曝气时反应器的最优运行工况：连续曝气时为HRT=7.5 h,DO=3 mg/L;间歇曝气时为厌氧1.2 h、好氧6.3 h交替运行。实验结果表明,与弹性塑料填料相比,竹制填料挂膜速度快,竹球填料的水处理效果最好;连续曝气最优工况下竹球填料反应器中COD、TN、NH₃-N和TP的平均去除率分别为66.7%、47.9%、57.1%和30.6%;间歇曝气最优工况下竹球填料反应器中COD、TN、NH₃-N和TP的平均去除率分别64.08%、39.95%、60.7%和54.68%;竹制填料可替代传统的塑料填料作为生物接触氧化工艺的载体填料。     

石化行业的VOCs排放控制管理

概述了我国挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的排放情况。介绍了国内外VOCs的管理现状。分析了国内石化行业VOCs排放控制管理中存在的主要问题以及污染物排放过程的类别。提出了明确定义、制定相关标准、完善分类管理体系、研究最佳的可行性控制技术等加强VOCs排放控制管理的对策和建议。     

钱塘江引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行研究

针对杭州西湖钱塘江引水低碳高氮的特点,提出以改性水草塘—复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)相耦合的生物—生态工艺进行引水处理,对该引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行效果进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,整个稳定运行期间(2012年7月19日至11月19日),耦合工艺对COD、TN、硝酸盐氮、TP的平均去除率分别为52.27%、52.49%、53.69%、52.79%,系统出水满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ标准;改性水草塘和IVCW单元作为耦合工艺的两个重要组成部分,在脱氮、除磷方面优势互补,从而共同保证出水水质的稳定;在改性水草塘单元,温度与COD的去除效果呈负相关关系,进水C/N与TN去除效果呈正相关关系;而在IVCW单元,温度与COD、TN的去除效果均呈线性正相关关系,进水C/N与两者的去除效果也呈正相关关系,且对COD的影响要大于对TN的影响。     

南京某城市污水二级处理系统中酞酸酯类的分布及去除特征

以南京某城市污水厂污水和污泥中的酞酸酯类（PAEs）为研究对象,分别采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPE—Gc．Ms）和超声提取．气相色谱．质谱联用（USE—GC—Ms）检测其中的优先控制污染物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）和邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯（MEHP）,研究其在厌氧／好氧（A／O）污泥处理过程中的分布特征及降解规律。研究结果表明,各类PAEs在该污水厂的污水和污泥中均有检出,二级处理出水中4种酞酸酯类物质的浓度在0．151—2．419μg／L。污水中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP〉DBP〉DMP〉DEP,污泥中4种酞酸酯的分布规律为MEHP〉DBP〉DEP〉DMP。该污水厂二级处理工艺对4种PAEs的去除效果较明显,去除效率DBP〉DEP〉DMP〉MEHP．