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171.
Priest SJ Parker DJ Hurford AP Walker J Evans K 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(12):3038-3048
This paper explores the technical options for warning of surface water flooding in England and Wales and presents the results of an Environment Agency funded project. Following the extensive surface water flooding experienced in summer 2007 a rainfall threshold-based Extreme Rainfall Alert (ERA) was piloted by the Met Office and Environment Agency providing initial steps towards the establishment of a warning for some types of surface water flooding. The findings of this paper are based primarily on feedback on technical options from a range of professionals involved in flood forecasting and warning and flood risk management, about the current alerts and about the potential options for developing a more targeted surface water flood warning service. Providing surface water flooding warnings presents a set of technical, forecasting and warning challenges related to the rapid onset of flooding, the localised nature of the flooding, and the linking of rainfall and flood forecasts to flood likelihood and impact on the ground. Some examples of rainfall alerting and surface water flood warning services from other countries are evaluated, as well as a small number of recently implemented local services in England and Wales. Various potential options for implementation of a service are then explored and assessed. The paper concludes that development of a surface water flood warning service for England and Wales is feasible and is likely to be useful to emergency responders and operational agencies, although developing such a service for the pluvial components of this type of flooding is likely to be feasible sooner than for other components of surface water flooding such as that caused by sewers. A targeted surface water flood warning service could be developed for professional emergency responders in the first instance rather than for the public for whom such a service without further operational testing and piloting would be premature. 相似文献
172.
Plant traits are influenced by herbivore diet selection, but little is known about how traits are affected by different types of herbivores. We related eight traits of 27 subalpine shrub species in South Island, New Zealand, to damage of these shrubs by introduced red deer (Cervus elaphus) and native invertebrate herbivores using phylogenetically explicit modeling. Deer preferentially consumed species that grew quickly, were low in foliar tannins, or had high leaf area per unit mass. However, these traits did not trade off against each other; rather, they could be related to different multivariate defense strategies. Although the proportion of leaves damaged by leaf-chewing invertebrates also increased with stem growth, invertebrates did not damage the same fast growing species as those preferred by deer. Other traits may also be important in determining herbivore preferences, as suggested by the high proportion of variation in herbivory explained by phylogeny. Last, we found that the composition of invertebrate herbivore communities was more similar among closely related shrubs, and consequently, the range of invertebrate-plant associations may change if introduced deer shift plant composition toward slow-growing species. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of herbivore type and coevolved interactions for the adaptive significance of plant traits. 相似文献
173.
Scott George Evens Nicholas Porter Jonathan Walker David I. 《Food and environmental virology》2023,15(1):71-81
Food and Environmental Virology - Faecal shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its subsequent detection in wastewater turned the spotlight onto... 相似文献
174.
Davidson Kirklyn B. Holmes Baillie E. J. Spooner Ian S. Dunnington Dewey W. Walker Tony R. Lake Craig B. Su Chih-Chieh 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(37):51342-51355
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The paleolimnological method was used to decouple geogenic and anthropogenic metal (loids) contributions in a sediment stabilization basin (Boat... 相似文献
175.
Potential synergies of the main current forestry efforts and climate change mitigation in Central Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In Central Africa, important carbon stocks are stored in natural forest stands, while activities that modify the carbon storage
occur in the forest landscape. Besides clean development mechanisms, the reduction of emission through deforestation and degradation
(REDD) initiative is viewed as one way to mitigate climate change. Important forest habitat protection activities have already
been implemented with the aim of conserving the biodiversity of the region in a sustainable manner. The main causes of land
use changes in the region are small holder subsistence practices and logging activities. Agricultural production has low productivity
levels and therefore investments in improved agricultural techniques can both reduce pressure on existing forests and perhaps
allow for the reforestation of existing degraded lands. The logging industry is dominated by large, industrial scale, logging
operations performing selective logging of specific species and large trees. The adoption of improved forest management practices
can reduce the impact of such logging on the ecological integrity and carbon stocks. Some efforts to engage in the carbon
market have begun in the region. Further research is needed into the types of projects that will most likely become successful
in the region and what locations will offer the greatest benefits. 相似文献
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179.
Robert F. Brown Alan B. Walker 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):617-620
An experimental high-temperature, high-pressure electrostatic precipitator module has been designed, fabricated and then evaluated in a gaseous environment having the characteristics anticipated for the combustion chamber of a system for generating electric power from the incineration of municipal solid wastes. Stable positive and negative corona discharges were established in combustion gases from the burning of methanol and air (temperature and pressure approximately 1700°F and 100 psig, respectively) without any apparent deleterious effects due to thermal ionization and/or emission. At gas conditions of about 1700°F and 50 psig, positive polarity energization of the discharge electrode appeared superior to that of negative polarity in terms of voltage level that could be applied and electrical stability. However, precipitator performance on removal of alumina dust injected under controlled conditions with the methanol fuel, showed negative polarity to be superior to positive polarity at the selected conditions of 1650°F and 100 psig which closely correspond to those required for optimum operation of the gas turbine presently under consideration. Removal efficiencies ranging from 25% for positive polarity to as high as 87% with negative polarity were measured. In order to check whether materials having a low ionization potential would thermally ionize to such an extent that the voltage-corona current characteristics of the precipitator would be impaired, rendering it ineffective, potassium chloride salt in solution was injected with the fuel. Results indicated that amounts of approximately one part by weight of potassium ion in 2500 to 3000 parts by weight of gas at 1700°F tripled the current measured for a given voltage when compared to non-injection. Although a limited test program was conducted, sufficient data were obtained to allow preliminary design and sizing of larger scale units. 相似文献
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