Fe2O3添加对钛基SCR催化剂表面硫酸氢铵分解行为的影响规律

采用共沉淀法合成了TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,并对硫酸氢铵与上述载体之间的相互作用及硫酸氢铵的具体分解行为进行了研究.结果表明,催化剂载体表面含硫官能团主要以双齿硫酸盐的形式存在,含氮官能团以铵根离子的形式存在.当硫酸氢铵沉积于催化剂载体表面时,由于硫酸根离子具有较强的电负性,Ti原子及Fe原子处于电子缺失状态.对于TiO_2载体,硫酸根离子主要与Ti原子相连;而对于TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体,Ti原子及Fe原子均为硫酸根离子主要的附着位点.采用热分析方法及原位红外对硫酸氢铵在TiO_2及TiO_2-Fe_2O_3载体表面的分解行为进行了研究,发现铁氧化物的添加显著促进了硫酸氢铵在低温区间内的分解行为;与铵根离子相比,硫酸根离子具有更高的热稳定性.催化剂稳定性测试结果表明,铁氧化物的添加显著提高了低温抗硫抗水性能,为实现低温SCR技术的工业应用提供了理论基础.     

活性污泥中的腐殖酸对实时荧光定量PCR的影响

活性污泥基因组中的腐殖酸会影响实时荧光定量PCR检测的准确性.本研究采用抽提基因组前腐殖酸去除试剂盒、抽提基因组后腐殖酸去除试剂盒、抽提基因组前后共同去除试剂盒3种不同的方法,去除活性污泥基因组中的腐殖酸,经过PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法的验证找出腐殖酸去除的最适方法;通过DNA酶Ⅰ消化基因组DNA保留杂质腐殖酸,向其中掺入已知浓度的总细菌质粒,5个浓度10倍梯度稀释10 ng·μL~(-1)的定量模板,探究腐殖酸和梯度稀释模板对活性污泥总细菌实时荧光定量PCR的影响.结果显示,在不同处理组中,通过反复洗脱的方式在基因组抽提前去除活性污泥中的腐殖酸,DNA的得率(162.46 ng·μL~(-1))最多,A260/230值为1.34,A260/280值为1.80,腐殖酸的残留最少;去除腐殖酸后外加内标质粒组,梯度稀释10 ng·μL~(-1)模板100倍及以上,腐殖酸的抑制效应显著降低后保持不变(p0.05),100倍以内变化不显著(p0.05);抽提前去除腐殖酸组进行实时荧光定量PCR的抑制效率为6.16%,显著低于对照组的72.68%(p0.05).研究表明,抽提前去除活性污泥腐殖酸,抽提后将基因组模板稀释100倍可显著降低活性污泥实时荧光定量PCR的抑制效率,提高定量结果的准确性.     

窖水中微生物降解污染物的关键细菌

为探究以氮、磷及有机物污染为主要特征的、窖水中参与污染物降解的关键细菌及它们之间潜在的相关关系,基于16S rRNA的微生物组学截面数据,分析了窖水中细菌群落结构与功能及其与水质因子间的相关性,并通过微生物物种的同现或相关种间作用推断模型,构建了7个微生物菌属间的共现性关联网络.结果表明,窖水中存在具有相对特定生态功能的细菌,进行着诸多活跃的与新陈代谢功能基因相关的代谢活动;窖水微生物类群共现性关联网络中大部分节点的菌属营互利共生类型的生态关系;Lacibacter、Arthrobacter、Candidatus Protochlamydia、Methylocaldum、Sulfuritalea、Mycobacterium、Aquirestis、Rhodobacter、Methylotenera等菌属拥有较高的点度中心度;较强的互作关系发生在Sulfuritalea-Rhodobacter、Azospirillum-Rhodobacter、Methylocaldum-Rhodobacter、Arthrobacter-Rhodobacter、Rhodoplanes-Rhodobacter、Candidatus Protochlamydia-Rhodobacter、Methylotenera-Rhodobacter、Rhodobacter-Aquirestis、Mycobacterium-Rhodobacter、PlanctomycesCandidatus Solibacter、Planctomyces-Legionella、Hymenobacter-Adhaeribacter、Luteolibacter-Crenothrix之间.综合分析节点微生物相关性、点度中心度及菌属间的互作强度,认为Rhodobacter、Methylocaldum、Methylotenera、Acinetobacter、Novosphingobium、Planctomyces、Hymenobacter、Luteolibacter为参与窖水污染物微生物降解的关键细菌,Rhodobacter为关键细菌的代表属.研究结果加深了对窖水中污染物微生物降解机制的认识.     

高温烟气静电除尘中试试验研究

为了研究在宽间距静电除尘器内部流动的大流量高温烟气中颗粒物的静电捕集特性,基于CFB锅炉中试试验平台设计并搭建了高温静电除尘中试装置.试验了板间距300mm、最高温度达到1020K的实际烟气中颗粒物的静电捕集特性,获得了放电电压、温度和烟气流速等关键因素对颗粒物的静电捕集的影响规律.实验结果表明,高温静电除尘器中烟气流速为0.3m/s,温度为1020K下达到了82.2%的除尘效率,证实了针对实际高温烟气,静电除尘器有较好的颗粒捕集效果.通过对比563K到1020K下的热态试验以及常温下的冷态试验,发现颗粒捕集效率随温度的上升迅速降低,这与高温下流速的上升、放电电压的降低以及气体黏性的增加有关.     

城市微环境PM2.5浓度空间分异特征分析

以长沙市主城区为例,在203个地面点通过加密观测并获取PM_2.5浓度小时观测值,辅以同步常规稀疏国控点PM_2.5浓度观测数据,在点、面尺度对比分析加密、稀疏两种观测模式下城市微环境PM_2.5浓度空间分布的特征差异.结果表明：地面加密观测模式下PM_2.5浓度高值区主要集中在道路、地表扬尘、住宅小区、医院和工业园等人群、车辆活动的微环境场景;低值区主要出现在公园景区等高植被覆盖度区域.同一空间点位,地面加密观测PM_2.5浓度值均高于常规稀疏国控点PM_2.5浓度观测值,平均高出29.71μg/m³.反距离权重空间插值制图揭示地面加密观测模式下的PM_2.5浓度呈现明显的西北部高（>75μg/m³）、中部和南部居中（65~75μg/m³）、东部低（<55μg/m³）的三级阶梯式异质特征,剖面分析各向波动较大.相比,稀疏国控观测模式空间分布图仅能反映主城区PM_2.5浓度整体较低（<55μg/m³）、除北-南向之外各向剖面PM_2.5浓度相对无明显变化的格局.与此同时,稀疏国控观测模式在地面加密观测点估算的PM_2.5浓度同样显著低于实际观测值,所揭示的研究区高值PM_2.5浓度微环境为道路、地表扬尘、汽车站.研究结果证实,出于环境保护目标建立的空气质量国控监测点难以精确反映同点位近地面PM_2.5浓度,所识别的城市高低PM_2.5浓度值微环境与真实情景存在偏差,空气质量越优等级下偏差越大.     

基于烟道喷射蒸发的脱硫废水处理数值模拟研究

针对脱硫废水在烟道内的喷射过程,通过计算流体动力学（CFD）进行数值模拟,研究了烟气性质与操作参数对废水蒸发过程的影响.结果表明：随着烟气温度的升高,液滴蒸发时间逐渐降低,完全蒸干距离缩短;当烟气流速增加,蒸发时间逐渐减小,但完全蒸干距离先减少后增加,流速为5m/s时,废水液滴的完全蒸干距离最近;随着液滴粒径的增加,液滴的完全蒸发时间明显变长,流场内相对低温区域范围扩大;当喷射速度由20m/s升高至60m/s过程中蒸发时间由约0.21s下降至0.16s,但随烟气流速增加,其减少蒸发时间的作用减弱.该模拟结果可以为废水烟道喷射技术的相关工程应用提供优化设计方案和运行指导.     

海底重燃油对海胆繁殖及其子代发育的影响

利用室内流水式粘油砾石柱模拟实际环境中的海底重燃油,研究了重燃油污染的孔隙水对成年海胆繁殖力、配子质量及子代胚胎发育的影响.结果表明,暴露结束后（7d）,暴露组海胆的排配子率显著降低（P=0.033）,同时雌海胆繁殖力也显著降低（P=0.036,（1957917±811471）个卵细胞）;卵细胞的直径和精子的受精能力并未受到海底重燃油的影响.子代继续暴露48h,发现亲代暴露加剧了子代胚胎畸形程度,表明亲代暴露的毒性可传递给子代.进一步利用整合毒性指数（ITI）检测毒性传递的性别差异发现,与母本效应相比（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.54~1.45和1.1~2.57）,父本效应（24和48h子代的ITI分别为0.82~1.95和1.89~4.04）在毒性传递过程中起着关键作用.     

Effect of air-exposed biocathode on the performance of a Thauera-dominated membraneless single-chamber microbial fuel cell (SCMFC)

To investigate the effect of air-exposed biocathode(AEB) on the performance of singlechamber microbial fuel cell(SCMFC), wastewater quality, bioelectrochemical characteristics and the electrode biofilms were researched. It was demonstrated that exposing the biocathode to air was beneficial to nitrogen removal and current generation. In Test 1 of 95%AEB, removal rates of ammonia, total nitrogen(TN) and chemical oxygen demand(COD)reached 99.34% ± 0.11%, 99.34% ± 0.10% and 90.79% ± 0.12%, respectively. The nitrogen removal loading rates were 36.38 g N/m~3/day. Meanwhile, current density and power density obtained at 0.7 A/m3 and 104 m W/m~3 respectively. Further experiments on opencircuit(Test 2) and carbon source(Test 3) indicated that this high performance could be attributed to simultaneous biological nitrification/denitrification and aerobic denitrification, as well as bioelectrochemical denitrification. Results of community analysis demonstrated that both microbial community structures on the surface of the cathode and in the liquid of the chamber were different. The percentage of Thauera, identified as denitrifying bacteria, maintained at a high level of over 50% in water, but decreased gradually in the AEB. Moreover, the genus Nitrosomonas, Alishewanella, Arcobacter and Rheinheimera were significantly enriched in the AEB, which might contribute to both enhancement of nitrogen removal and electricity generation.     

Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.