湖北恩施地区土壤重金属高光谱反演模型研究

文章以恩施地区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn为研究对象,利用ASD地物光谱仪采集土壤光谱数据,在光谱预处理和相关分析的基础上,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)方法,构建土壤重金属含量与光谱的反演预测模型.结果 表明,平滑处理、一阶导数、去趋势、归一化处理散射校正(SNV)4种光谱处理方法组合使用可以有效地提高模型反演精度;通过对PLSR模型RMSEC、RMSECV、RMSEP、R2Cal 、R2CV 、R2Pred、6种参数分析发现,As、Pb、Cu相比Cd、Cr、Zn在PLSR模型中的测误差值较小且模型的相关性较高,说明模型可以预测As、Pb、Cu 3种元素,该研究为后期采用高光谱遥感影像数据快速监测恩施地区土壤重金属污染情况提供了技术参考.     

Humidity and PM2.5 composition determine atmospheric light extinction in the arid region of northwest China

Atmospheric visibility can directly reflect the air quality. In this study, we measured water-soluble ions (WSIs), organic and element carbon (OC and EC) in PM_2.5 from September 2017 to August 2018 in Urumqi, NW China. The results show that SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ were the major WSIs, together accounting for 7.32%–84.12% of PM_2.5 mass. Total carbon (TC=OC+EC) accounted for 12.12% of PM_2.5 mass on average. And OC/EC > 2 indicated the formation of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The levels of SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ in low visibility days were much higher than those in high visibility days. Relative humidity (RH) played a key role in affecting visibility. The extinction coefficient (b_ext) that estimated via Koschmieder formula with visibility was the highest in winter (1441.05 ± 739.95 Mm^?1), and the lowest in summer (128.58 ± 58.00 Mm^?1). The b_ext that estimated via IMPROVE formula with PM_2.5 chemical component was mainly contributed by (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃. The b_ext values calculated by both approaches presented a good correlation with each other (R² = 0.87). Multiple linear regression (MLR) method was further employed to reconstruct the empirical regression model of visibility as a function of PM_2.5 chemical components, NO₂ and RH. The results of source apportionment by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model showed that residential coal combustion and vehicle emissions were the major sources of b_ext.     

Insights into measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 and their gaseous precursors in Beijing

To better understand the characteristics and transformation mechanisms of secondary inorganic aerosols, hourly mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in PM_2.5 and their gaseous precursors were measured online from 2016 to 2018 at an urban site in Beijing. Seasonal and diurnal variations in water-soluble ions and gaseous precursors were discussed and their gas-particle conversion and partitioning were also examined, some related parameters were characterized. The (TNH₃) _Rich was also defined to describe the variations of the excess NH₃ in different seasons. In addition, a sensitivity test was carried out by using ISORROPIA II to outline the driving factors of gas-particle partitioning. In Beijing, the relative contribution of nitrate to PM_2.5 has increased markedly in recent years, especially under polluted conditions. In the four seasons, only a small portion of NO₂ in the atmosphere was converted into total nitrate (TNO₃)_, and more than 80% of TNO₃ occurred in the form of nitrate due to the abundant ammonia. The concentration of total ammonia (TNH₃) was much higher than that required to neutralize acid gases, and most of the TNH₃ occurred as gaseous NH₃. The nitrous acid (HONO) concentration was highly correlated with NH₃ concentration and had increased significantly in Beijing compared with previous studies. The total chloride (TCl) was the highest in winter, and ε(Cl^?) was more sensitive to variations in the ambient temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) than ε(NO₃^?).     

Molecular characterization of transformation and halogenation of natural organic matter during the UV/chlorine AOP using FT-ICR mass spectrometry

UV/chlorine process, as an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP), was effective for removing micro-pollutants via various reactive radicals, but it also led to the changes of natural organic matter (NOM) and formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). By using negative ion electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS), the transformation of Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) and the formation of chlorinated DBPs (Cl-DBPs) in the UV/chlorine AOP and subsequent post-chlorination were tracked and compared with dark chlorination. In comparison to dark chlorination, the involvement of ClO^?, Cl^?, and HO^? in the UV/chlorine AOP promoted the transformation of NOM by removing the compounds owning higher aromaticity (AI_mod) value and DBE (double-bond equivalence)/C ratio and causing the decrease in the proportion of aromatic compounds. Meanwhile, more compounds which contained only C, H, O, N atoms (CHON) were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP compared with dark chlorination via photolysis of organic chloramines or radical reactions. A total of 833 compounds contained C, H, O, Cl atoms (CHOCl) were observed after the UV/chlorine AOP, higher than 789 CHOCl compounds in dark chlorination, and one-chlorine-containing components were the dominant species. The different products from chlorine substitution reactions (SR) and addition reactions (AR) suggested that SR often occurred in the precursors owning higher H/C ratio and AR often occurred in the precursors owning higher aromaticity. Post-chlorination further caused the cleavages of NOM structures into small molecular weight compounds, removed CHON compounds and enhanced the formation of Cl-DBPs. The results provide information about NOM transformation and Cl-DBPs formation at molecular levels in the UV/chlorine AOP.     

UV/Cl工艺对三氯生的去除与降解机理研究

对UV/Cl高级氧化工艺降解水中广谱抗菌剂三氯生（TCS）进行研究,对比单一UV、单一Cl和UV/Cl工艺对TCS的去除效果.考察UV光强、余氯初始浓度、溶液pH值和氨氮浓度等因素对反应的影响,探究TCS在UV/Cl工艺中的降解机理,评估其生态风险.结果表明,与单一UV、单一Cl相比,TCS在UV/Cl工艺中降解效果较好,反应符合准一级反应动力学,降解速率常数随UV光强、余氯初始浓度增大而增大,随NH₄⁺-N浓度的增加而减小.基于HRMS Q-TOF解析出17种中间产物,提出了降解反应路径.发光细菌毒性分析和ECOSAR预测均表明,TCS在UV/Cl工艺中产生毒性较高的中间产物,随着反应的进行,产生了毒性较低的中间产物,生态环境风险得以减少.     

Ce-Mn/TiO2吸附剂的脱汞性能及抗SO2特性

采用浸渍法制备Mn/TiO₂（MT）、Ce/TiO₂（CT）和Ce-Mn/TiO₂（CMT）脱汞吸附剂,在固定床脱汞实验台上研究吸附剂的脱汞性能.结果表明,吸附温度为100~200℃时,3种吸附剂的脱汞性能均随温度的升高而增强;而在200~300℃范围内,脱汞效率均出现不同程度的降低.MT、CT及CMT吸附剂的脱汞效率在200℃时达到最高,分别为91%、58%和95%.MT和CT吸附剂的抗SO₂性能较弱,在N₂+6% O₂+1000×10^-6SO₂烟气条件下,30min内脱汞效率均下降到50%,而CMT吸附剂在2h内仍能保持80%以上的脱汞效率,表明在MT中掺杂Ce不仅可以提高吸附剂的脱汞性能,还可以增强抗SO₂性能.利用N₂吸附/脱附、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等方法对吸附剂的物理化学性质进行表征,并对吸附产物进行热重分析（TG）和程序升温脱附实验（TPD）,阐明了CMT脱汞吸附剂的抗SO₂特性机理.Ce的掺杂,提高了活性组分在吸附剂表面的分散度及Mn⁴⁺的比例;相比于MnO₂,CeO₂可优先与SO₂反应,抑制了SO₂对Mn⁴⁺的毒害作用,从而提高了抗硫性能.     

区域水资源承载能力综合评价：主成分分析法的应用

针对模糊综合评判法在综合评价中存在的主观随意性问题,提出采用主成分分析法进行区域水资源承载能力综合评价。首先对各区域的灌溉率、水资源利用率、水资源开发程度、供水模数、需水模数、人均供水量和生态环境用水率这七个主要因素进行了分析;然后,根据主成分分析法的原理,运用少数几个新的综合指标对原来的七个指标所包含的信息进行最佳综合与简化,研究其在各区域水资源开发利用过程中的不同贡献及综合效应;同时,以评价参     

不同轮作模式的土壤真菌群落结构及功能特征分析

为分析不同轮作模式的土壤真菌群落结构与功能特征差异,以安徽铜陵两种不同轮作模式的农田土壤为研究对象,设置水-旱轮作(姜-稻)、旱-旱轮作(姜-菜)两种样地,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序平台测定了土壤真菌的ITS变异区序列,以分析不同轮作模式下土壤真菌群落结构和功能的差异及其影响因素.结果表明：姜季转变为菜季/稻季后均会造成土壤真菌α多样性指数增加,尤其是水-旱轮作模式(p<0.05);与旱-旱轮作相比,水-旱轮作提高了土壤真菌群落ACE和Chao1指数(p<0.05);子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉菌门(Mortierellomycota)和隐真菌门(Rozellomycota)是不同轮作模式下土壤环境中的主要真菌门类.被孢霉属(Mortierella)是两种轮作模式姜季处理中的主要真菌属,镰刀菌属(Fusarium)是旱-旱轮作菜季中的主要真菌属;水-旱轮作模式能有效降低白姜致病风险.在旱-旱轮作中的菜季土壤环境中真菌功能群以动植物病原真菌和腐生真菌为主,辅以内生真菌和地衣寄生真菌;在两种轮作模式中的姜季,真...     

春灌背景下黄河上游清水河流域DOM的空间分布规律

运用三维荧光光谱技术结合紫外-可见吸收光谱表征技术,以及各种分析统计方法,对清水河流域水体中溶解性有机质（DOM）的空间分布、光谱特征及污染来源进行了解析,以期为黄河流域水环境治理及污染溯源提供较为可靠的信息.结果表明清水河流域春灌季水质指标空间差异性较大.DOM中类蛋白质物质浓度高于类腐殖质物质浓度,自生源特征强于陆源特征,且新生成的DOM占比较大,即DOM主要来源于水体微生物活动和细菌降解代谢的产物.PARAFAC解析得到6个主成分,包括4个类蛋白质组分（C1、C2、C3、C5）和2个类腐殖质组分（C4、C6）,其中类蛋白质组分的空间差异性大于类腐殖质组分,受水库水和污水处理厂排水等水体内源影响较大.PCA分析得到4个主成分,组分C5、氟离子、组分C2和HIX可分别作为该4个主成分的描述性指标.     

Highly Oriented Thermoplastic Poly (vinyl alcohol) Films by Uniaxial Drawing: Effect of Stretching Temperature and Draw Ratio

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - With the advantages of excellent processability and biodegradability, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) becomes an environmentally friendly and biocompatible...