跨座式单轨交通人身安全雷电防护分析

针对跨座式单轨交通列车遭受雷击时列车内的人员安全性,本文通过对列车内人员不接触与列车金属外壳直接连接的金属构件和接触与列车金属外壳直接连接的金属构件两种情况进行计算分析,得出第一种情况下,人员是完全安全的;第二种情况下,人员可能会有像蜜蜂刺痛或烟头灼痛的感觉,但不威胁生命安全。     

事故树分析法在LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故中的应用

LPG(液化石油气)属于危险化学品之一,LPG储罐发生火灾爆炸的机率大,造成的损失比较严重,故对其火灾爆炸事故进行研究具有重要意义。LPG储罐爆炸根据其发生机理分为化学爆炸(燃爆)和物理爆炸两种模式。本文通过对LPG储罐燃爆﹑物理爆炸两类事故进行系统分析,建立了以LPG储罐燃爆、物理爆炸为顶事件的事故树。通过对其事故树的定性分析,得到了影响顶事件的各个最小割(径)集。通过计算底事件的结构重要度,确定了影响LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故的主要因素,并提出了相应的改进措施,进而提高LPG储罐的安全性和运行可靠性。     

矿井避难硐室供氧系统研究

在矿山井下事故发生后的矿工自救中,设置避难硐室是十分必要的.供氧系统是避难硐室内避难人员生存的重要保障,避难硐室具有容载人数多、空间相对较大的特点.针对国内避难硐室采用的地面钻孔供氧、压风供氧、压缩气瓶供氧、化学氧供氧等供氧方式进行了研究,分别通过基本供风量、供氧量等参数的理论计算方法,密闭空间模拟试验的方法来对几种供氧方式进行比较,最终确定避难硐室设置多种供氧方式的必要性,为今后避难硐室供氧系统的构建奠定基础.     

浅析我国建筑安全管理存在的问题及对策

建筑行业安全生产事故频发,死伤众多,不仅影响了经济发展和社会稳定,而且损害了党、政府和我国改革开放的形象。从目前建筑安全生产状况来看,无论是管理部门的监督管理还是建筑企业的内部管理,都存在着一些亟待解决的问题。这些问题直接影响甚至制约着建筑安全工作的发展,必须加以改进。本文首先提出我国当前建筑安全管理存在的主要问题,分别从国家、建筑企业、建筑工人三个方面进行分析;然后针对这些问题提出我国建筑安全管理的对策。     

中美实施全球化学品统一分类和标签制度政策对比和分析

对中美实施全球化学品统一分类和标签制度(GHS)的基本情况进行了研究,分别从实施GHS的框架体系、实施GHS的时间节点、GHS的危险类别、符合GHS要求的SDS和标签四个角度,对中美实施GHS的政策进行对比.通过分析,得出我国目前实施GHS主要存在四个方面的问题:各方利益难以协调,缺乏实施GHS的综合性法律法规,实施GHS缓冲期的设置存在问题,“积木原则”尚未合理运用.结合美国实施GHS的做法,为我国实施GHS提出四方面建议,即推动我国GHS配套法律法规体系建设,编制实施GHS的指南文件,灵活合理利用“积木原则”,关注危险化学品全生命周期的安全.     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。     

基于范数指数的农药对虹鳟急性毒性的的定量构效关系模型

由于农药的过度使用,水生生态环境正在受到威胁。虹鳟（Oncorhynchus mykiss）的水生毒性在农用化学品环境风险评价中起着重要作用。本文提出了两个范数指数公式,并由此导出几个范数描述符,建立了定量结构-活性关系（QSAR）模型用于预测各种农药对虹鳟的急性毒性（LC50）。结果表明,目前的QSAR模型的R2为0.8053。同时,内部验证（QLOO2=0.7606）、外部验证（Rtraining2=0.8011,Rtesting2=0.8108）、Y-随机化试验和适用域分析进一步证明了该QSAR模型的稳定性、可靠性和广泛的应用领域。因此,这些范数描述符可能适用于描述农药结构以预测水生生物急性毒性。     

Effects of cultivation strategies on the cultivation of Chlorella sp. HQ in photoreactors

Heterotrophic cultivation caused high level of ROS and high lipids accumulation. HMTC is the best culture strategy for improving the microalgal biomass. Chlorella sp. HQ had great nutrient removal capacity under five culture strategies. The effects of cultivation strategies (including autotrophic cultivation (AC), heterotrophic cultivation (HC), fed-batch cultivation (FC), heterotrophic+ autotrophic two-stage cultivation (HATC), and heterotrophic+ mixotrophic two-stage cultivation (HMTC)) on the growth and lipid accumulation of Chlorella sp. HQ and its total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) removal in secondary effluent were investigated in column photoreactors. The results showed that the TN and TP removal rates ranged between 93.72%–95.82% and 92.73%–100%, respectively, under the five different strategies. The microalgal growth potential evaluated by the maximal growth rate (R_max) was in the order of HMTC>HC>FC>AC>HATC. The values of biomass, total lipid yield, triacylglycerols (TAGs) yield, and total lipid content of the microalga cultivated in the last 5 d increased significantly, but the TAGs productivities of the five strategies were lower than those in the first 7 d. Compared with all the other cultivation strategies, the TAGs productivity and yield after 12 d of cultivation under the heterotrophic condition reached the highest values accompanying the highest level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in which the TAGs yield reached 40.81 mg/L at the end of the cultivation period. The peaks in TAGs yield and ROS level suggested that HC was beneficial for lipids accumulation via regulating the cellular redox status and exerting ROS stress on microalgal cells. In summary, HMTC was the best cultivation strategy for improving the microalgal biomass and HC was the best strategy for microalgal TAGs accumulation to produce biodiesel.     

Reconsideration on the effect of nitrogen on mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoate production toward high organic loading enrichment history

Effect of nitrogen on mixed culture PHA production was reconsidered. Enrichment history of PHA accumulating culture was discussed. Higher PHA content and biomass growth were achieved in presence of nitrogen. Enrichment strategy toward higher PHA accumulation was investigated. Microbial community succession in PHA accumulation phase was investigated. In most of the operating strategies for mixed microbial cultures polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production, moderate organic loads and low nitrogen concentrations are used, however, the real waste streams contain variable concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. To evaluate the effect of enrichment history on PHA producer and production the various carbon and nitrogen levels were utilized during the accumulation phase. Different operating strategies were applied in three sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) subjected to aerobic dynamic feeding. The maximum PHA production of the enriched cultures under nutrient excess, limitation and starvation (Cmol/Nmol ratio of 8, 40 and ∞, respectively) was evaluated in batch assays. A higher PHA content and biomass growth were achieved in the nutrients presence in comparison to the nutrient starvation condition. The cultures from the SBR treated under short sludge retention time, high organic loading rate, short cycle length (SBR#3) and nutrient excess reached the maximum PHA content (54.9%) and biomass increase (38.9%). Under nutrient limitation, the negative biomass growth was observed under nutrient starvation because of the sampling loss. The succession of microbial communities in SBRs and batch assays was analyzed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. The SBR#3 had the best overall PHA production performance considering its high PHA content and productivity in all nutrient content, it indicates that nitrogen has a substantial impact on PHA yield especially when high organic loading rate enrichment history is involved.     

Contamination characteristics of trace metals in dust from different levels of roads of a heavily air-polluted city in north China

Concentrations of eight trace metals (TMs) in road dust (RD) (particles?<?25 μm) from urban areas of Xinxiang, China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The geometric mean concentrations of Zn, Mn, Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd were 489, 350, 114, 101, 60.0, 39.7, 31.6, and 5.1 mg kg^?1, respectively. When compared with TM levels in background soil, the samples generally display elevated TM concentrations, except for Cr and Mn, and for Cd the enrichment value was 69.6. Spatial variations indicated TMs in RD from park path would have similar sources with main roads, collector streets and bypasses. Average daily exposure doses of the studied TMs were about three orders of magnitude higher for hand-to-mouth ingestion than dermal contact, and the exposure doses for children were 9.33 times higher than that for adults. The decreasing trend of calculated hazard indexes (HI) for the eight elements was As?>?Pb?>?Cr?>?Mn?>?Cd?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Cu for both children and adults.