两种微藻胞外分泌物与NO2-、NO3-对2，4-D光解的影响

在模拟太阳光照射下,利用旋转式光化学反应装置,研究了海水小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)的胞外分泌物(EOM),以及分别在NO-2或(和)NO-3共存条件下对2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)光解的影响.实验结果表明,2,4-D在海水小球藻和新月菱形藻EOM及分别在NO-2、NO-3共存下的光解过程均符合准一级动力学反应.研究发现,2,4-D的光解速率随海水小球藻和新月菱形藻EOM浓度的增加而减小,表明这两种微藻EOM可抑制海水中2,4-D的光解.当在微藻EOM溶液中分别加入不同浓度的NO-2或NO-3后,微藻EOM对2,4-D光解的抑制作用减弱,且随着NO-2和NO-3浓度的增加,2,4-D光解速率明显增加.特别是当微藻EOM与NO-2或NO-3三者共存时,可进一步促进2,4-D的光解.     

长期施用猪粪水稻土抗生素抗性基因污染研究

为了全面研究猪粪有机肥对水稻土抗生素抗性及分布格局的影响,选择295对抗生素抗性基因引物,采用高通量荧光定量PCR对水稻土中的抗生素抗性基因污染情况进行了研究.结果表明,未施用猪粪水稻土检测出66种抗性基因,而施用猪粪水稻土则检测出107种抗生素抗性基因,施用猪粪后水稻土中抗生素抗性基因种类显著增加(P<0.05).相对于未施用猪粪水稻土,施用猪粪水稻土有49种抗生素抗性基因丰度显著增加(P<0.05),其中施用猪粪水稻土中喹诺酮类/氯霉素类抗性基因的mexF的丰度相对于未施用猪粪水稻土增加1791倍.高通量定量结果表明,施用猪粪的水稻土抗生素抗性基因分布格局发生显著变化,高通量定量技术是研究环境抗生素抗性基因的一个非常实用的工具.     

Unexpected phenotypes of malformations induced in Xenopus tropicalis embryos by combined exposure to triphenyltin and 9-cis-retinoic acid

Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 hr to the mixtures of 5 g Sn/L triphenyltin(TPT), which is a well-known endocrine disruptor, and 0.25–5 g/L 9-cis retinoic acid(9c-RA), which is the natural ligand of retinoid X receptor. The phenotypes induced by combined exposure were more variable than those resulting from single exposure to either TPT or 9c-RA. The prominent phenotypes included underdeveloped head structures, abnormal eyes, narrow fins, enlarged proctodaeum, etc. Especially, combined exposure induced unexpected notochord malformations, which ranged from small swellings of the surface of the tails to the extension and extrusion of notochord out of the posterior tails. Compared with the 5 g Sn/L TPT-treated group, the index of fin deficiency was not affected, and the index of axis deficiency was significantly increased with increasing RA concentrations in the mixtures. Our results suggest that combined exposure to TPT and 9c-RA induced not only more variable phenotypes of malformations than exposure to single compound but also some new and unexpected phenotypes.     

Mechanism and kinetics study on the ozonolysis reaction of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in the atmosphere

The ozonolysis of 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(2,3,7,8-TCDD) is an efcient degradation way in the atmosphere. The ozonolysis process and possible reactions path of Criegee Intermediates with NO and H2 O are introduced in detail at the method of MPWB1K/6-31+G(d,p)//MPWB1K/6-311+G(3df,2p) level. In ozonolysis, H2O is an important source of OH radical formation and initiated the subsequent degradation reaction. The Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus(RRKM) theory was applied to calculate rate constants with the temperature ranging from 200 to 600 K. The rate constant of reaction between 2,3,7,8-TCDD and O3 is 4.80 × 10 20cm3/(mole·sec) at 298 K and 760 Torr. The atmospheric lifetime of the reaction species was estimated according to rate constants, which is helpful for the atmospheric model study on the degradation and risk assessment of dioxin.     

Removal of arsenate with hydrous ferric oxide coprecipitation：Effect of humic acid

Insights from the adverse effect of humic acid(HA) on arsenate removal with hydrous ferric oxide(HFO) coprecipitation can further our understanding of the fate of As(V) in water treatment process. The motivation of our study is to explore the competitive adsorption mechanisms of humic acid and As(V) on HFO on the molecular scale. Multiple complementary techniques were used including macroscopic adsorption experiments, surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS) spectroscopy, flow-cell attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared(ATR-FTIR) measurement, and charge distribution multisite complexation(CDMUSIC) modeling. The As(V) removal efficiency was reduced from over 95% to about 10% with the increasing HA concentration to 25 times of As(V) mass concentration. The SERS analysis excluded the HA-As(V) complex formation. The EXAFS results indicate that As(V) formed bidentate binuclear surface complexes in the presence of HA as evidenced by an As-Fe distance of 3.26–3.31 ?. The in situ ATR-FTIR measurements show that As(V) replaces surface hydroxyl groups and forms innersphere complex. High concentrations of HA may physically block the surface sites and inhibit the As(V) access. The adsorption of As(V) and HA decreased the point of zero charge of HFO from 7.8 to 5.8 and 6.3, respectively. The CD-MUSIC model described the zeta potential curves and adsorption edges of As(V) and HA reasonably well.     

Effect of ozone on the performance of a hybrid ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon process

Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon （BAC） （Process A） and ceramic membrane-BAC （Process B） were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure） were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively.     

Measurements and simulation of forest leaf area index and net primary productivity in Northern China

Large scale process-based modeling is a useful approach to estimate distributions of global net primary productivity (NPP). In this paper, in order to validate an existing NPP model with observed data at site level, field experiments were conducted at three sites in northern China. One site is located in Qilian Mountain in Gansu Province, and the other two sites are in Changbaishan Natural Reserve and Dunhua County in Jilin Province. Detailed field experiments are discussed and field data are used to validate the simulated NPP. Remotely sensed images including Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+, 30 m spatial resolution in visible and near infrared bands) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER, 15m spatial resolution in visible and near infrared bands) are used to derive maps of land cover, leaf area index, and biomass. Based on these maps, field measured data, soil texture and daily meteorological data, NPP of these sites are simulated for year 2001 with the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS). The NPP in these sites ranges from 80 to 800 gCm(-2)a(-1). The observed NPP agrees well with the modeled NPP. This study suggests that BEPS can be used to estimate NPP in northern China if remotely sensed images of high spatial resolution are available.     

大牛地气田污水预处理药剂加量研究

大牛地气田污水水质总体呈现高浊度、高矿化度、高腐蚀性、高含铁量及低pH值"四高一低"的特点。预处理阶段对后续处理过程起着重要的作用,试验确定了该阶段的加药量,提出了"一控二适量"的加药原则,选定JH-1、JH-2、JH-3的加量分别为300、50和2mg/L配合使用,使污水pH值控制在8.0～8.4之间,既节省了运行费用,又极大地缓解了处理过程中设备的结垢堵塞现象。     

三峡库区消落带土壤中硫酸盐还原菌对汞甲基化作用的影响

为探究三峡水库这一特殊的周期性干湿交替环境中,硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)是否在汞的生物甲基化过程中起主导作用,本文以库区消落带原土为研究对象,以灭菌土+接种硫酸盐还原菌Desulfovibrio africanus(D.africanus,DSM-2603)为对照(试验A),在每公斤土壤分别添加0、1、5 mg汞浓度条件下,模拟研究原土(试验B)中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(MeHg)含量的动态变化、总硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)数量变化,以及影响土壤中甲基汞含量的环境因子分析.结果表明,淹水状况有利于THg从土壤中释放,且Hg含量越高,释放越快;菌株D.africanus对汞具生态适应性,其菌数与MeHg含量显著正相关:在5 mg·kg~(-1)Hg条件下,D.africanus菌数可达3.65×10~4cfu·g~(-1),MeHg含量也高达7.60×10~4ng·kg~(-1).值得注意的是,试验B处理中,一方面消落区原土中SRB菌数较少,平均仅193 cfu·g~(-1);另一方面,土壤MeHg含量较低:在5mg·kg~(-1)Hg条件下,MeHg含量仅为5.54×10~3ng·kg~(-1),且总SRB菌数与MeHg含量无显著相关性.由此可以推测,在三峡水库消落区这种非严格厌氧土壤环境中,SRB并非优势菌群,其中还存在着其它对生物汞甲基化起主导作用的好氧或兼性厌氧微生物种群.