北京市生态涵养区生态服务价值评估与生态补偿机制探讨

在分析北京市生态涵养区在生态补偿制度建设困境的基础上,本文将国内外区域生态系统价值评估模型相结合,运用修正的生态服务价值评估模型,对北京市生态涵养区2016年的生态服务价值进行了估算,并分析了2009-2016年生态服务价值的变动及其影响因素,从科学评估生态服务价值、完善生态补偿标准方法的制定、健全生态保护补偿制度、将绿色GDP纳入生态涵养区绩效考核指标评价体系几个方面探讨了完善生态补偿机制的政策措施。一方面更加直观地揭示了生态涵养区生态服务的重要经济价值,另一方面为建立更加科学的生态补偿机制提供了可参考的依据。     

Valuing third sector sustainability organisations – qualitative contributions to systemic social transformation

The number and diversity of civil society or third sector sustainability organisations (TSSOs) have increased in recent decades. TSSOs play a prominent role in local approaches to sustainability. However, the contributions made by TSSOs are not fully understood, beyond a limited suite of quantifiable outputs and impacts. In this qualitative study, we examine how four TSSOs from two Australian regions, Tasmania and Queensland's Sunshine Coast, contribute to social transformation beyond discrete outputs. We examine the operation, ethos, scope and influence of these organisations over time. In so doing, we identify three common ways in which these organisations facilitate social change: by (i) enhancing social connectivity through boundary work; (ii) mobilising participatory citizenship and (iii) contributing to social learning. We conclude that TSSOs contribute significantly to the systemic social conditions that enable change for sustainability and the development of community resilience and well-being, but do so in ways undervalued by existing metrics, formal evaluation processes and funding models. Clearer recognition of, and strategic emphasis on, these qualitative contributions to social transformation is vital in ensuring that TSSOs remain viable and effective over the long term.     

循环冷却水水垢中锌含量测定优化实验研究

对工业循环冷却水水垢中锌含量的测定方法进行了系统优化,主要考察了样品酸度、缓冲溶液添加量、试剂时效性、样品中铁离子量、掩蔽剂量和滴定剂浓度对锌含量检测效果的影响。结果表明:样品酸度控制在pH=4.9~5.1范围内,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液添加量为30 m L时,锌含量检出值最大,指示剂灵敏度最佳;试剂乙酸-乙酸钠在20 d内使用、二甲酚橙指示剂即配即用对滴定终点的判断效果较好;锌含量测定前应先检测样品中铁离子含量,若铁离子≥40%则应先沉淀过滤后方可进行测定;锌含量检出值随掩蔽剂添加量呈先升后降的趋势,并在3.2 g时滴定效果最佳;滴定剂浓度为0.010 mol/L时锌含量检出值最高;优化实验测定结果接近真实值,方法准确可靠。     

废水中可吸附有机卤化物的来源、测定方法及去除技术的研究进展

简述了废水中可吸附有机卤化物(AOX)的定义、来源和危害,以及国内外废水中AOX排放的相关法规。详细介绍了微库仑法、中子活化法、三维荧光法等AOX测定方法,以及物理法、化学法、生物法3种AOX去除技术的研究进展。并对工业废水中AOX的检测、表征及其针对性处理提出了今后的研究方向。     

盐城市空气污染对呼吸系统日门诊量关系的时间序列分析

根据盐城市2014—2018年逐日空气污染物监测数据细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、二氧化氮(NO_2)、二氧化硫(SO_2)、臭氧(O_3)、气象数据(日平均温度、日平均相对湿度)及市区某三甲综合医院呼吸系统日门诊资料,采用时间序列半参数广义相加模型,以滞后天数最大效应值作为空气污染物对人群呼吸系统日门诊量影响的超额危险度,分析了盐城市空气污染物短期暴露对人群呼吸系统日门诊量的影响。结果表明,2014—2018年盐城市空气PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2和O_3平均值分别为48.4,81.8,26.3,15.8和111.2 mg/m~3,其中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)值高于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准。污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2和O_3值每升高10 mg/m~3,呼吸系统日门诊量就增加0.52%,0.31%,3.54%,4.36%和0.03%,SO_2效应最强。空气污染物的短期暴露影响呼吸系统日门诊量,且存在滞后效应,其中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、SO_2影响较大。     

饮用水处理中多环芳烃和卤代多环芳烃的变化特征及健康风险

饮用水安全直接关系到千家万户的身体健康。为了解饮用水中多环芳烃（PAHs）和卤代多环芳烃（HPAHs）的污染现状、来源以及健康风险,选择了以长江、太湖和三河（淮安）为水源水的3个自来水厂,采用气相色谱-质谱的测定方法,分别在丰水期和枯水期对其各工艺段出水进行了采样分析。结果表明,PAHs和HPAHs在自来水厂原水和出水中普遍存在,PAHs的质量浓度为9.74～61.00 ng/L,氯代多环芳烃（Cl-PAHs）的质量浓度为0.32～9.17 ng/L,溴代多环芳烃（Br-PAHs）的质量浓度为未检出（ND）～4.15 ng/L,且整体呈现枯水期质量浓度大于丰水期的特征。原水中PAHs主要来源于石油污染以及各种燃烧活动,HPAHs与PAHs的质量浓度呈正相关;出水中HPAHs主要来源于原水以及氯化消毒。现有的自来水处理工艺对原水中PAHs和HPAHs都有一定的去除作用,但是氯化消毒可能产生新的HPAHs污染。人体健康风险评价结果表明,3个水厂出水的终生致癌风险为10^-9～10^-8,处于低致癌风险水平。     

基于响应面法的煤矿钻孔随钻超声成像仪器受力部件优化设计*

摘要:为研制适用于煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔、满足施工强度要求的小尺寸随钻超声成像仪器，对随钻超声成像仪器的关键受力部位——超声探头安装孔进行优化设计，分析煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔的一般规格，建立超声探头安装孔的三维模型，确定关键参数类型及其取值范围，采用极差分析法找到对受力部件强度影响较大的参数，基于响应面法开展有限元数值模拟，运用Box-Behnken设计方法得到超声探头安装孔关键参数与仪器受力部件性能指标的关系，优化受力部件关键参数的数值。结果表明:优化前最大的等效应力为138.6 MPa，优化后受力部件最大等效应力较优化前降低9.05%。结论验证了设计方法的有效性，为煤矿抽采钻孔随钻测井仪器的研制提供思路。     

Characterization, reactivity, source apportionment, and potential source areas of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical tropical city

Based on one-year observation, the concentration, sources, and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou, China. The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 11.4 ppbV, and the composition was dominated by alkanes (8.2 ppbV, 71.4%) and alkenes (1.3 ppbV, 20.5%). The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening. The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential (OFP) was made by alkenes (51.6%), followed by alkanes (27.2%). The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in spring and summer were low, and it was difficult to generate high ozone (O₃) concentrations through photochemical reactions. The significant increase in O₃ concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast. Traffic sources (40.1%), industrial sources (19.4%), combustion sources (18.6%), solvent usage sources (15.5%) and plant sources (6.4%) were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models. Overall, the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport, and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou, thereby reducing the generation of O₃.     

紫色土小流域浅层井水中胶体颗粒的季节变化

胶体是多种污染物迁移进入地下水的主要载体.为探究地下水中胶体颗粒的长期动态变化及影响因素,对川中丘陵区紫色土小流域浅层井中胶体颗粒浓度及井水理化性质进行了1 a的原位观测.结果表明:浅层井水中胶体颗粒含量存在较强的季节变异(CV0.5),胶体颗粒质量浓度峰值可达到14.68 mg·L~(-1)(相应的数量浓度为1.34×109L~(-1)),出现在非雨季,由人为取水扰动所致.雨季中前期大雨产流的物理扰动能有效增加井水中胶体颗粒浓度,后期暴雨的促进作用不明显.井水化学性质(EC、Ca2+、Mg2+、DOC)是影响胶体颗粒浓度动态及存在形态最重要的因素.该地区作为饮用水源的浅层井在雨季中前期可能受到因增加的胶体颗粒输入而辅助迁移的农化物质(如农药、P等)对井水质量安全的威胁,建议加强该时段内降雨后井水中胶体及井水理化性质的监测.     

青海湖湖泊沉积物木质素AMS-~(14)C测年

对青海湖1A钻孔0—4 m不同深度共10个沉积物样品提取木质素,并进行AMS-~(14)C测年。结果显示,木质素的AMS-~(14)C年龄-深度曲线呈良好的线性关系,大于10μg碳量的木质素单体~(14)C年龄比1F孔同深度基于总有机碳(TOC)获得的~(14)C年龄平均偏年轻约110年,接近采用平均值概念分段线性回归确定的1F孔4.99 m以上碳库效应估算(126年)。这表明沉积物木质素AMS-~(14)C测年可有效减少老碳效应的影响;同时,1A与1F两个平行钻孔不同材料测年结果之间的良好对比,也佐证了基于沉积物TOC的~(14)C测年并采用平均值概念进行分段线性回归建立的青海湖湖泊沉积物年代框架的可靠性。