直接投菌法在城市重污染河流治理中的应用研究

在无截污和清除内源的情况下,对深圳市甘坑河采用梅花式接种法将本源微生物菌剂分两次直接接入河流水体及底泥中。结果表明,第1次接种后的4 d内各项水质指标都不稳定,4 d后,悬浮物、COD、TP和NH3-N等浓度下降,水质明显改善;但从第8天开始,COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率同时下降,本源微生物的处理效率开始降低,需进行第2次接种;第2次接种后,DO浓度提升至2.0 mg/L以上,COD、TP和NH3-N的去除率分别保持在40%、30%和40%以上。结果表明,直接投菌法在城市重污染河道治理中可以初步消除河道的黑臭现象,修复水质。     

湘江株洲段表层水重金属含量及存在形态分布研究

以国家Ⅲ类水质限值为标准,总体来讲,湘江株洲段河水中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的总量均不超标,Cd的污染较重。霞湾断面的污染最重,清水塘工业区铅锌冶炼和化工企业是其污染的主要来源。采用化学分析的方法,对湘江株洲段水体中的Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd进行了形态分析,Cu、Zn溶解态在各断面均大于50%;Pb、Cd的形态在不同的断面其所占比例不一样。监测了各水质参数,pH大都在7.5左右,Eh在200~300mv之间,为氧化的环境,COD大部分断面均在15~20mg/L以下。     

嘉兴地区农村生活污水时空分布及处理设施现状分析

研究选取嘉兴市下辖农村的160座生活污水处理设施进出水为研究对象,分析了区域农村生活污水污染物时空分布特征及其处理设施现状,以期提高处理设施效率。结果表明:嘉兴市农村生活污水中氮、磷污染较有机污染更严重,ρ(COD)、ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄⁺-N)年均值分别为142.23,4.02,44.19,27.74 mg/L,各污水处理设施处理效果有很大优化空间,COD、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N年均去除率分别为50.5%、29.7%、36.8%、51.7%。农村生活污水空间上呈自西向东、由北至南逐渐减小的分布特征,时间上表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。相关性分析表明,COD、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.688±0.946。设施进水C/N、NH₄⁺-N/TN年均值分别为3.21、68.9%,传统的单一A²/O处理工艺对低碳源...     

阳澄湖水源中典型嗅味物质测定与来源分析

以阳澄湖水源为研究对象,采用固相微萃取-气质联用法测定水中2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)、土臭素(GSM)、2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚(2,4,6-TAC)、2,3,4-三氯苯甲醚(2,3,4-TAC)、2,3,6-三氯苯甲醚(2,3,6-TAC)、2-异丙基-3甲氧基吡嗪(IPMP)、2-异丁基-3甲氧基吡嗪(IBMP)、...     

海洋酸化与重金属、有机污染物和人工纳米颗粒的联合毒性效应研究进展

由于大量人类活动的影响,大气CO_2浓度持续增加,其中约1/3被海洋吸收,导致表层海水pH值降低和碳酸盐平衡体系波动,即"海洋酸化"现象。污染物的海洋环境效应一直是全球环境科学领域研究的热点。在实际环境中,海洋酸化往往与污染物共同存在并作用于海洋生态系统,且海洋酸化极有可能改变污染物的海洋环境行为从而影响其毒性效应。但现有研究大多针对海洋酸化或者污染物单独作用下的毒性效应展开,对海洋酸化与污染物的联合毒性效应的研究不足、亟待加强。为此,综述了近年来海洋酸化与典型污染物(重金属、有机污染物)及新型污染物(人工纳米颗粒)的相关文献,重点阐述了海洋酸化对污染物环境行为的影响和海洋酸化与污染物对海洋生物的联合毒性效应,指出当前的研究不足,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

环境权益及其市场化代理制度

提出了一个以新制度经济学方法分析环境问题及其控制方式的理论模型,并据此提出了当前环境保护工作实现制度创新的思考,其逻辑思路是：由环境资源的稀缺性引起的用于满足人类生存需要和生产需要这两种环境功能之间的矛盾,外化为人类生存性和生产性两型环境权益的冲突;解决这个冲突的两种制度安排─市场和政府─都存在着各自的“失灵”,因此,需要设计和实施一种使两者结合起来的更高形式的制度安排,途径之一是建立和实施以“法律框架、公众参与、代理公司”为要素的“环境权益之市场化代理制度”。当前我国环境保护工作正面临着这种制度创新的契机。     

Catastrophe theory to assess water security and adaptation strategy in the context of environmental change

Economic development, population growth, urbanization and climate change have led to an increasing water shortage across the globe. Ensuring water security under changing environment will be the greatest challenge for water resources managers in near future. In this paper, catastrophe theory based multi-criteria evaluation model has been proposed to assess water security under different management strategies to recommend the best water management strategy to achieve water security in the context of global environmental change. The assessment model involves future scenarios of climate change, population growth and economic development. Total 16 indicators related to climate, socio-economy and water availability and consumption have been proposed to measure water security under three management strategies viz. business-as-usual, water demand management and water supply management. The model has been applied to Yulin city of North West China to assess water security as well as to identify the water management strategy under changing environment. The results show that under business-as-usual situation the water shortage rate will reach up to 44 % by the year 2020 and up to 70 % by the year 2030 in Yulin. Water supply is required to increase by 41 % to meet the water demand under supply management strategy which is beyond the safe baseline rate. The study reveals that water demand management can reduce the gap between water supply and demand to a reasonable amount and therefore, can be considered as the most effective approach for adapting with environment change.     

Purification and Properties of a Poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) Depolymerase From Penicillium sp.

An extracellular poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase was purified from a Penicillium sp. DS9701-09a by centrifugation, ultrafiltration, precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 37.9-folds higher than that of the culture supernatant and the recovery yield was 11.8%. The PHB deploymerase molecular mass was 44.8 kDa from analysis of both Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. The isoelectric point of 6.7 for the enzyme was determined by a two-dimensional electrophoresis. The optimum enzyme activity was observed at a temperature of 50 °C and pH 5.0. The apparent K _m of the enzyme was found to be 1.35 mg/mL. The PHB depolymerase consisted of 16 kinds of normal amino acids. The secondary structure of the enzyme was determined by CD spectrum. α-helix and β-turn were found to be 66% and 34% for the enzyme without ammonium sulphite. Chemical inhibition on the PHB depolymerase activity was examined and EDTA was found to have a significantly inhibitory effect.     

我国宏观环境决策的若干问题

本文针对国内外宏观环境决策中存在的问题,阐述了以科学研究为基础的宏观环境决策支持系统的作用,分析了决策观点和思维的多样性对宏观环境决策的意义,探讨了宏观环境决策与环境基础学科建设的关系。     

Improvement of rape (Brassica napus) plant growth and cadmium uptake by cadmium-resistant bacteria

This study focuses on the screening of cadmium-resistance bacterial strains from heavy metal-polluted soils to examine their plant growth promotion and cadmium uptake in rape (Brassica napus). A large number of bacteria were isolated from heavy metal-polluted soil in Nanjing, China. Thirty isolates showing cadmium-resistance on Cd-amended medium were selected and evaluated for their potential to solubilize cadmium carbonate in solution culture. Atomic absorption spectrometer analysis showed variable amounts of water-soluble Cd (ranging from 24 to 117 mg l(-1)) released by the cadmium-resistant bacterial strains from cadmium carbonate. Qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of indole acetic acid as the auxin in the culture of these cadmium-resistant bacterial strains. Root elongation assay conducted on rape under gnotobiotic conditions demonstrated increases (up to 31%) in root elongation of inoculated rape seedlings compared to the control plants. Based upon cadmium-resistance, bio-activation of CdCO3 and growth-promoting activity, three isolates were selected for promoting plant growth and uptake of cadmium from cadmium-amended soil in pot experiments. Inoculation with the isolates was found to increase root dry weight (ranging from 8% to 20%) and shoot dry weight (ranging from 6% to 25%) of rape. An increase in cadmium content varying from 16 to 74%, compared to the non-inoculated control, was observed in rape plants cultivated in soil treated with 100 mgCd kg(-1) (as CdCl2) and inoculated with the isolates. The bacterial isolates were also able to colonize and develop in the rhizosphere soil of rape after root inoculation.