海南地区新型雷电预警系统预警效率的评估与分析

基于2017年5-8月全国雷电监测定位系统ADTD探测到的闪电定位数据,根据标准IEC-62793中对雷电预警系统预警效率评估的定义,对海南地区部分雷电预警站点的预警效率进行了统计分析。海南地区新型雷电预警系统的平均有效预警率(MPOD)约为85%,高于大部分雷电预警系统的有效预警率;对闪电事件的预警率平均可达到95%,表明可以对发生在预警站点有效覆盖范围内95>的闪电提供有效预警;平均错误预警率(MFAR)约为73%,与各类预警系统相比,错误预警率偏高;预警提前期的平均值和中值分别为13.9min和9.6min。     

氢氧化镁共沉淀富集分离ICP-MS测定海水中的稀土元素

本文通过条件优化、标准验证等建立了一种直接在海水中加入NH₃·H₂O溶液使稀土元素与氢氧化镁形成共沉淀富集分离,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定海水中14种稀土元素的方法。海水样品通过共沉淀、离心操作后,主要基体物质得到了分离,目标稀土元素实现了富集。氢氧化镁共沉淀富集的条件是1:1 NH₃·H₂O溶液最佳加入量为0.35 mL,沉淀清洗次数为1次,静置时间为5 min。方法对稀土元素的加标回收率为88.7%~107.1%,稀土元素的方法空白为0.008×10-12 ~0.441×10-12,方法定量下限为0.054×10-12~0.423×10-12,RSD为2.8%~8.6%。所建立的方法与海水标准物质NASS-6的测定结果一致,方法具有准确度与精密度高、操作简便快速等优点,可用于大批量海水样品中稀土元素的定量精确测定。     

珊瑚礁白化监测方法研究进展

珊瑚礁是地球上生物多样性最丰富、最有价值的海洋生态系统,但其生态也非常脆弱。近年来,由于气候变化、过渡捕捞和环境污染等影响,全球珊瑚礁生态系统退化严重。其中,全球变暖、海表温度异常升高导致大量珊瑚白化,已成为全球珊瑚礁最大威胁,因此珊瑚礁的白化监测对于海洋生态系统管理、保护生物多样性具有重要意义。本文综述了国内外监测珊瑚礁白化的主要监测方法,将其总结归纳为三类:现场监测、生态监测和遥感监测方法,介绍和评述了各方法的原理及优缺点,并展望了监测珊瑚礁白化方法的发展前景。目前,通过海水温度预测珊瑚礁白化状况的监测方法应用最为广泛,但其监测精度还有待于提升。纵观全球,美国和澳大利亚对于珊瑚礁健康状况监测工作起步较早且已实现常规化运行,而我国相对起步较晚,监测手段落后。     

城市污水管网中污染物冲刷与沉积规律

为探明城市污水管网中污染物的冲刷与沉积规律,对西安市污水管网进行实际调研,结果表明,污水支管和干管的沉积物厚度时变化较大,变化量分别为0~24 mm和0~12 mm,管道污水中颗粒态污染物发生沉积和冲刷的概率高;而污水主干管的沉积物厚度时变化较小,管道内颗粒物沉积与沉积物冲刷水平维持相对平衡.为进一步明确污水中污染物浓度变化与水流流速的关系,建立了污水管道冲刷与沉积模拟中试装置,研究了不同流速下管道中碳(有机)、氮、磷三类污染物含量和粒径分布的变化规律.结果表明,随着污水流速的增加,冲刷强度增大,管道中污染物浓度急剧升高,通过粒径分布监测结果可知,管道中有机污染物易存在于粒径较大的颗粒物上,氮、磷类污染物易吸附在粒径较小的颗粒物上;当流速小于0.6 m·s~(-1)时,污水中颗粒态污染物的沉积作用大于冲刷作用,发生物理沉积,造成污水中碳源不足,当流速大于0.6 m·s~(-1)时,水流冲刷强度增大,沉积物被水流大量携带,但污水中碳类有机污染物的增加比重大于氮和磷类污染物,使现有污水碳源不足得到改观,利于生物脱氮除磷工艺的碳源需求.     

汽车4S店表面涂装有机废气监测的研究

汽车4S店表面涂装有机废气排放现已成为城市重要的污染排放源之一,中国目前暂未针对该行业废气排放制定相关标准.对汽车4S店有机废气的监测情况及国外、国内地方相关标准做了简单的介绍,对表面涂装工艺和污染治理提出一些对策.对多家汽车4S店的监测情况进行了概述,建议加强汽车4S店表面涂装大气污染物排放控制和管理,改善区域大气环境质量,促进表面涂装工艺和污染治理技术的进步,尽快规范相应管理措施,才能有效控制汽车表面涂装大气污染物的排放.     

峡谷型水源水库的氮、磷季节变化及其来源分析

石砭峪水库总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的质量浓度均值分别为2.67 mg.L-1和0.04 mg.L-1,其在丰水期最大,平水期次之,枯水期最小;水库富营养化严重,叶绿素a含量和藻细胞密度分别高达50 mg.m-3和10 000×104cells.L-1.水库TN的年输入和输出负荷分别为203.1 t和181.3 t,而TP的年输入和输出负荷分别为4.2 t和4.1 t;外源输入水库的TN和TP负荷均占各自总输入负荷的90%以上;就全年而言,水库沉积物表现为蓄积作用,TN和TP年净积累量分别约为20.2 t和0.8 t;内源污染控制是水库污染控制的关键.     

Mobility of acid-treated carbon nanotubes in water-saturated porous media

The production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials may inevitably lead to their appearance in water. With the development of new industries around nanomaterials, it seems necessary to be concerned about the transport of nanomaterials in the environment. In this paper, the transport of acid-treated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in porous media was investigated. Before the mobility investigation, the stability of acid-treated CNT dispersions was studied using ultraviolet-visible spectra and it was indicated that, under the chemical conditions employed in this work, there was no apparent aggregation. The mobility investigation showed that transport of acid-treated CNTs increased with treatment time due to increase in particle zeta potential. Carbon nanotubes treated with nitric acid for 2, 6, and 12 h possessed measured zeta potentials of -30.0, -43.0, and -48.5 mV, respectively. Utilizing clean-bed filtration theory, we showed that acid-treated CNTs have the potential to migrate 3.28, 5.67, and 7.69 m in saturated glass beads, respectively. We showed that solution ionic strength and pH have important effects on the mobility of acid-treated CNTs. Increasing the pH from 6.0 to 7.9 resulted in an increase in migration potential from 2.96 to 10.86 m. Increasing the ionic strength from 0.005 to 0.020 M resulted in a decrease in CNT migration potential from 5.67 to 1.42 m.     

Environmental impacts of the shelter forests in Horqin Sandy land, northeast China

Assessing environmental effects of shelter forests is primarily necessary for realizing their greatest protective benefits. The Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP), the largest ecological afforestation program in the world, has been operated for three decades in China but so far lacks comprehensive assessment of its environmental impacts. Horqin Sandy Land (HSL) in Northeast China is one of the key areas in the TNSFP implementation. To identify the principal contributors to environmental changes in HSL, we evaluated impacts of variations in landscape features, shelter forest areas, climatic factors, and social factors on changes in sandy land areas from 1978 to 2007, by using Gray Relational Analysis. Our analysis showed that during the period 1978 to 2007, the sandy land area decreased by 3.9% in low aeolian dunes, 14.5% in low mountains and hills, and 98.9% in high elevation alluvial flats of HSL. Factors with Gray Correlation Degrees >0.9 were identified as the patch shape index (PSI) and the landscape isolation index (LII) of grasses in low aeolian dunes, PSI of grasses in mountains and hills, and area of broadleaved forests and LII of shrubs in alluvial flats. It is concluded that establishment of the shelter forests has played a significant role in controlling the expansion of sandy land in HSL. To sustain the long-term environmental benefits of the shelter forests in the remaining period for TNSFP construction, suitable tree species should be selected and planted at appropriate densities based on the local precipitation, groundwater and landform conditions, and the system stability of the total landscape.     

Cosmic exergy based ecological assessment for a wetland in Beijing

Wetlands research and restoration has become one of the critical concern due to their importance in providing ecosystem services. This study proposes a holistic methodology to assess the wetland ecosystem based on cosmic exergy as a thermodynamic orientor. This new approach is applied to two typical wastewater treatment facilities (an activated sludge system and a cyclic activated sludge system) and to a constructed wetland ecosystem in Beijing for comparison. Results show that the Beijing wetland ecosystem gains positive net present ecological value of 3.08E+14 J_c regarding its total life cycle. Comparison with the activated sludge system and cyclic activated sludge system, shows that the wetland ecosystem has greater dependencies on local resources (22% vs. 0% vs. 0%) and renewable resources (67% vs. 38% vs. 31%) as well as a larger ecological sustainability index (0.64157 vs. 0.00005 vs. 0.00008). This implies that the wetland ecosystem is more environmentally friendly and sustainable method for water treatment.     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.