The theory behind,and the challenges of,conserving nature's stage in a time of rapid change

Most conservation planning to date has focused on protecting today's biodiversity with the assumption that it will be tomorrow's biodiversity. However, modern climate change has already resulted in distributional shifts of some species and is projected to result in many more shifts in the coming decades. As species redistribute and biotic communities reorganize, conservation plans based on current patterns of biodiversity may fail to adequately protect species in the future. One approach for addressing this issue is to focus on conserving a range of abiotic conditions in the conservation‐planning process. By doing so, it may be possible to conserve an abiotically diverse “stage” upon which evolution will play out and support many actors (biodiversity). We reviewed the fundamental underpinnings of the concept of conserving the abiotic stage, starting with the early observations of von Humboldt, who mapped the concordance of abiotic conditions and vegetation, and progressing to the concept of the ecological niche. We discuss challenges posed by issues of spatial and temporal scale, the role of biotic drivers of species distributions, and latitudinal and topographic variation in relationships between climate and landform. For example, abiotic conditions are not static, but change through time—albeit at different and often relatively slow rates. In some places, biotic interactions play a substantial role in structuring patterns of biodiversity, meaning that patterns of biodiversity may be less tightly linked to the abiotic stage. Furthermore, abiotic drivers of biodiversity can change with latitude and topographic position, meaning that the abiotic stage may need to be defined differently in different places. We conclude that protecting a diversity of abiotic conditions will likely best conserve biodiversity into the future in places where abiotic drivers of species distributions are strong relative to biotic drivers, where the diversity of abiotic settings will be conserved through time, and where connectivity allows for movement among areas providing different abiotic conditions.     

动量探头对流化床中簇团运动特性的研究

在很多工业生产过程的气固两相流动中,固体颗粒多以簇团的形式存在,而在目前已投产运行的流化床设备中,能够有效获取床内簇团特性的设备尚较少见。使用动量探头在一循环流化床锅炉冷态试验台上,以玻璃微珠为床料,采集了炉内不同空间位置不同工况下的簇团压力波动信号,并对信号进行滤波处理,得到相应周期内的簇团频率。通过试验证实了基于簇团频率测量的动量探头能够有效获取炉内簇团运动特性,从而了解床内流化状态的改变、床内磨损状态、床内物料量变化等信息。该方法正确反映了炉内工况的变化,并可直接用于实炉热态测量,为设备安全稳定运行提供了参考。     

长江上游流域大洪水天气分型特征分析

通过对1981~2012年24例长江上游流域大洪水过程进行普查,发现影响长江上游大洪水强降水过程的天气系统主要为:巴湖槽东移型、贝湖槽稳定型和东北冷槽型。采用统计、诊断及合成分析方法,对3种不同天气类型的大尺度环流背景、主要影响系统及致洪降水发生机理进行研究,并总结其特点及差异。结果表明:3种类型大洪水的洪水特征及降水特征各不相同,大尺度环流背景及天气系统也有所差异。副高及500hPa中高纬环流形势异常是导致强降水发生的直接因素,西南涡、冷暖式切变线及冷空气在不同的类型洪水降水中作用各不相同,异常气旋性环流场、水汽输送方向及水汽通量辐合区与强降水的位置密切相关。     

基于生态文明的最严格环保制度的框架体系研究

“十八大”报告明确了生态文明建设的突出地位,提出了建立“最严格的环境保护制度”的目标。而当前的环境保护制度已无力应对资源、环境、生态问题。本文首先对生态文明建设实施途径进行解读;然后构建了以“环境规划一社会经济类规划一规划环评”为核心的“最严格环境保护制度”的框架,明确了各自功能定位,并提出了与社会经济类规划相适应的环境规划和规划环评的实施形式、工作内容。     

共沉淀法处理垃圾渗滤液研究

对辽宁省鞍山市某生活垃圾卫生填埋场的晚期垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,选择MgO和磷矿粉两种矿物,利用共沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮,用于制备磷铵镁复合肥,实现垃圾渗滤液的资源化利用。实验结果如下:MgO与磷矿粉配合使用,能够较好地去除垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮。采用MgO、磷矿粉共沉淀法生成磷铵镁复合肥具有可行性,同时可为后续生化处理创造良好的条件;在给定条件下(氨氮浓度1200 mg/L,COD 3180 mg/L),垃圾渗滤液COD去除的最优实验条件为MgO添加量5.0 g/L、磷矿粉添加量100 g/L,反应时间4 h,处理后COD去除率为62.1%,氨氮去除率为87.5%;氨氮去除的最优实验条件为MgO添加量10 g/L、磷矿粉添加量60 g/L、反应时间4 h,处理后COD去除率为42.1%,氨氮去除率为96.1%。     

适应性环境管理模式在大型赛事筹备中的应用（下）——应用实例

将适应性环境管理的模式应用于深圳第26届世界大学生夏季运动会生态环境保障工作,对生态环境保障总目标层层分解落实,由第三方评估机构对任务逐项跟踪管理,定期评估各部门绩效,根据外部条件和内部因素的变化对工作方案和阶段性目标进行动态调整,最大限度地降低了环境管理工作的不确定性。经过六个月的实践应用,大运赛事期间深圳市生态环境保障工作取得了十分显著的成效。