臭氧氧化法处理城市污水厂出水的实验研究

为了开发污水的回用技术，对北京市某污水处理厂二处理后出水中含有的有机物进行了臭氧无催化氧化、臭氧碱催化氧化、臭氧／过氧化氢氧化和臭氧加过渡性金属离子／过氧化氢催化氧化工艺的实验研究。结果表明，自氧／过氧化氢氧化工艺达到了较好的效果，在Ｈ２Ｏ２＝３ｍｇ／Ｌ时投加臭氧１３ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤｃｒ由４５ｍｇ／Ｌ降至２０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

一种新型生物膜法除磷工艺中聚磷菌的富集培养过程

采用挂式尼龙作为生物载体的新型生物膜反应器处理合成废水,探讨短时间内在该常规生物膜上富集培养高浓度聚磷菌的可行性,并从反应器运行效率、除磷速率以及聚磷菌的富集状态等方面进行验证.反应器启动运行10 d后,好氧阶段正磷酸盐去除率稳定在95%以上,COD出水浓度均在50 mg·L~(-1)以下,并在该处理水平稳定运行了50 d.运行培养48 d后,吸磷及释磷速率由相同的3.4 mg·(L·h)-1分别提高到8 mg·(L·h)-1和6 mg·(L·h)-1,好氧和厌氧周期由相同的6 h分别缩短到2 h和3 h.运行培养50 d经荧光原位杂交法(FISH)测定,污泥中聚磷菌的丰度从原泥的48.96%提高到70%,杂交图中的聚磷菌以大块团聚态出现,由直接显微镜法测得生物膜厚度约为28.9μm,证明生物膜上聚磷菌群已处于动力学增长末期即生物膜已经成熟.经过50 d的强化培养,能够在常规尼龙填料上富集占总菌70%的高浓度聚磷菌,使得本反应器能高效去除污水中的磷与有机物.     

Enhanced ozonation degradation of atrazine in the presence of nano-ZnO: Performance, kinetics and effects

Enhanced ozonation degradation of atrazine (ATZ) with nano-ZnO (nZnO) as catalyst and the influences of the operational parameters have been investigated through semi-continuous experiments in this study. The results demonstrated that the combination of ozone (O₃) and nZnO showed an obvious synergetic effect and the ATZ degradation conformed to pseudo-first-order kinetics. An improvement of ATZ degradation efficiency by 41.8% and pseudo-first-order rate constant by more than a factor of four was obtained in the O₃/nZnO process after 5 min of reaction compared to O₃ alone. Meanwhile, the degradation efficiency of ATZ was gradually enhanced with increasing nZnO dosage and initial pH in the range from 3.0 to 8.0, and a higher amount of ATZ was degraded when the initial concentration of ATZ rose from 0.5 to 5 mg/L. Additionally, sulfate ion, chloride ion, nitrate ion and low concentrations of humic acid substances led to enhancement of the ATZ degradation. The notable decrease of ATZ removal efficiency observed in the presence of radical scavengers and the results of free radical tests indicated that OH is the dominant active radical species. The mechanism investigation demonstrated that the enhancement effect could be attributed to the introduction of nZnO, which could promote the utilization of O₃, enhance the formation of superoxide radical, and further accelerate the production of hydrogen peroxide and the generation of OH/O₂-.     

滨海新区土地利用变化对土壤碳密度空间分布及生态风险的影响

利用土壤类型法估算了天津滨海新区不同土地利用类型土壤的有机碳密度,并基于滨海新区1979年的TM和2009年的SPOT影像资料,利用GIS技术,获取区域30a的土地利用转移信息图及土壤碳密度的空间分布图,构建区域土地利用变化对土壤碳汇的生态风险影响评价等级,获取区域土壤碳汇的生态风险等级空间分布图.结果表明:作为滨海新区主要碳汇的土地利用类型是城市绿地和林地,而裸地和建设用地是主要的碳源地类;滨海新区30年间50％以下的区域生态风险影响程度没发生变化,位于城市绿地和林地向建设用地过渡边缘地带的区域生态风险增加程度最大.基于低碳理念和土地利用总体规划的原则,提出相应的建议,促进滨海新区低碳化建设.     

催化湿式氧化中多相非贵金属催化剂的研究进展

催化湿式氧化（CWAO）法是一种利用溶解氧去除废水中高毒性、难降解污染物的新型水处理技术。在催化湿式氧化中应用的催化剂有贵金属催化剂和非贵金属催化剂两种。在零附加值的废水处理过程中,使用非贵金属催化剂替代贵金属催化剂,在经济上更具有优势。对近年来用于催化湿式氧化废水处理过程中的多相非贵金属催化剂进行了综述。     

北方典型灌区不同灌期农田系统中氮素迁移特征分析

以内蒙古河套灌区杭锦后旗解放闸灌域为研究区,分析2009年夏灌和秋浇前后土壤中、浅层地下水和土壤渗滤液中的硝态氮、总氮的分布特征,研究不同灌期农田系统中氮素的迁移规律及其影响因素.结果表明:夏灌对氮素的稀释作用明显,反硝化作用也会降低地下水中硝态氮的浓度,此外玉米地块的氮流失在夏灌时相对明显;秋浇是农田氮素淋失的主要阶段,一方面是硝态氮 (NO3-N) 在灌水作用下向下淋失,另一方面是土壤中的NO3-N 在反硝化作用下转变成N2O、N2和O2释放;夏灌与秋浇两次灌水前后地下水中总氮 (TN) 的峰值滞后于NO3-N,表明氮素的流失除以NO3-N的形式发生之外,部分氨氮以及有机氮等其他形式的氮素在灌溉驱动下也发生一定程度的纵向流失.     

Water quality of a tributary of the Pearl River, the Beijiang, Southern China: implications from multivariate statistical analyses

Water quality information of Beijiang River, a tributary of Pearl River in Guangdong, China, was analyzed to provide an overview of the hydrochemical functioning of a major agricultural/rural area and an industrial/urban area. Eighteen water quality parameters were surveyed at 13 sites from 2005 to 2006 on a monthly basis. A bivariate correlation analysis was carried out to evaluate the regional correlations of the water quality parameters, while the principal component analysis (PCA) technique was used to extract the most influential variables for regional variations of river water quality. Six principal components were extracted in PCA which explained more than 78% and 84% of the total variance for agricultural/rural and industrial/urban areas, respectively. Physicochemical factor, organic pollution, sewage pollution, geogenic factor, agricultural nonpoint source pollution, and accumulated pesticide usage were identified as potential pollution sources for agricultural/rural area, whereas industrial wastewaters pollution, mineral pollution, geogenic factor, urban sewage pollution, chemical industrial pollution, and water traffic pollution were the latent pollution sources for industrial/urban area. A multivariate linear regression of absolute principal component scores (MLR-APCS) technique was used to estimate contributions of all identified pollution sources to each water quality parameter. High coefficients of determination of the regression equations suggested that the MLR-APCS model was applicable for estimation of sources of most water quality parameters in the Beijiang River Basin.     

高盐度有机废水对生物处理系统的影响研究进展

高盐度有机废水是一种难处理的废水,如皂素废水、石油开采废水以及海水直接利用后排放出的废水,主要是因为高含盐量对微生物的生长有很强的抑制作用,严重抑制了生物法在高盐度废水处理中的应用。讨论了国内外对含高盐有机废水生化处理技术的研究进展以及盐对生物处理系统的影响,并全面分析了高盐度有机废水生物处理的可行性。     

乌兰察布市生态旅游建设探讨

本文通过对乌兰察布市生态旅游资源现状的简要分析,提出该城市生态旅游开发所应遵循的基本要求、原则和对策,从而达到保护环境、提升城市价值的战略目标。     

中国环评制度的独特运行机制探讨

对比了国内外环境影响评价制度的运行机制发现,发达国家环评制度的有效实施依赖于污染追责制度,而我国环评制度对污染追责制度的依赖性较小,形成了独立发挥作用的运行机制. 我国环评制度的缺陷体现在:①缺乏解决信息成本问题的有效途径;②部门权力边界限制了环境管理的激励约束能力. 据此,建议我国环评制度从2个方向加以改进,一方面完善污染追责制度,建立环评制度对污染追责制度的依赖关系;另一方面,延续过去环评制度的改进方向,继续独立于污染追责制度之外,使环评制度独立、有效地针对项目主体发挥激励和约束作用.