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The excellent technical assistance of H. Führer and I. Leib is appreciated. Part of the work was supported by the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, and from the Leitz and Hoechst companies. This paper is part of the M. D. thesis of Ch.L. 相似文献
125.
The ant genus Cardiocondyla is characterized by a bizarre male polymorphism with wingless fighter males and winged disperser males. Winged males have
been lost convergently in several clades, and in at least one of them, wingless males have evolved mutual tolerance. To better
understand the evolutionary pathways of reproductive tactics, we investigated Cardiocondyla venustula, a species, which in a phylogenetic analysis clusters with species with fighting and species with mutually tolerant, wingless
males. Wingless males of C. venustula use their strong mandibles to kill freshly eclosed rival males and also engage in short fights with other adult males, but
in addition show a novel behavior hitherto not reported from social insect males: they spread out in the natal nest and defend
“territories” against other males. Ant males therefore show a much larger variety of reproductive tactics than previously
assumed. 相似文献
126.
European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Y.S. Tang I. Simmons N. van Dijk C. Di Marco E. Nemitz U. Dmmgen K. Gilke V. Djuricic S. Vidic Z. Gliha D. Borovecki M. Mitosinkova J.E. Hanssen T.H. Uggerud M.J. Sanz P. Sanz J.V. Chorda C.R. Flechard Y. Fauvel M. Ferm C. Perrino M.A. Sutton 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2009,133(3-4):183
A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH3, NH4+, HNO3 and NO3−, as well as SO2, SO42−, HCl, Cl− and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH3) and regional (HNO3, NO3−, and NH4+) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH3, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites. 相似文献
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The restoration of surface mining landscapes requires the (re)creation of ecosystems. In Lusatia (eastern Germany), large-scale open-cast lignite mining operations generated spoil dumps widely consisting of acidified, phytotoxic substrates. Amelioration and rehabilitation measures have been developed and applied to these substrates since the 1950s. However, it is still not clear whether these approaches are sustainable. This paper reports on collaborative research work into the ecological potential of forest ecosystem development on typical minesites in the Lusatian lignite district. At first sight, pine stands on minesites along a chronosequence comprising about 35 years did not show differences when compared with stands on non-mined sites of the general region. Furthermore, with some modification, conceptual models for flora and fauna succession in forest stands on non-mined sites seem to be applicable, at least for the early stages of forest ecosystem development. For example, soil organism abundance and activity at minesites had already reached levels typical of non-mined sites after about 20-30 years. In contrast, mine soils are very different from non-mined soils of the test region. Chemically, mine soil development is dominated by processes originating from pyrite oxidation. Geogenic, i.e. lignitic, soil organic carbon was shown to substitute for some functions of pedogenic soil organic matter. Rooting was hampered but not completely impeded in strongly acidified soil compartments. Roots and mycorrhizae are apparently able to make use of the characteristic heterogeneity of young mine soils. Considering these recent results and the knowledge accumulated during more than 30 years of research on minesite rehabilitation internationally, it can be stated that minesite restoration might be used as an ideal case study for forest ecosystem development starting at "point zero" on "terra nova". 相似文献
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IntroductionOzoneisanairpollutantformedthroughaseriesofphotochemicalreactionintroposphereandisoneofthemostimportantphytotoxicairpollutants.Ingeneral,directemissionofozonefromanthropogenicsourcesisnegligibleinthefreetroposphere .Accordingtothestudyonfor… 相似文献
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IntroductionBeingatypicalpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAHs) ,benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)deservesseriousstudybecausePAHsarenowrecognizedasmajorenvironmentalpollutants .ExposuretoPaHsisvirtuallyunavoidableandisstronglysuspendedofbeingacausativefactorincertaintumo… 相似文献