纳米零价铁耦合黏土修复污染土壤的研究进展

黏土负载型nZVI具有低成本、易制备、环境相容性好、综合性能优越的特点.本文在归纳nZVI改性策略的基础上,比较了黏土种类对nZVI形貌和性能的影响,提出了理想黏土载体的优选顺序,分析了复合材料的铁含量、比表面积、nZVI尺寸等与去除性能之间的关系,对nZVI耦合黏土在修复土壤重金属、卤代有机物、硝酸盐、新型污染物等方面的研究进行了总结,并概述了nZVI技术在土壤修复中的负面效应,最后对nZVI耦合黏土修复污染土壤的未来方向进行了展望.     

基于InVEST-PLUS模型的碳储量空间关联性及预测——以广东省为例

构建土地利用碳储量数据库,基于InVEST模型Carbon模块,得到广东省1990~2020年碳储量时空分布情况.用Moran’s I指数和Getis-Ord Gi^*分析格网尺度下碳储量时空分布特征,用Anselin Local Moran’s I得到LISA集聚图.然后运用PLUS模型和14个土地利用驱动因子预测2050年土地利用及其碳储量分布.结果表明,土地利用变化直接影响区域碳储量高低,林地、草地等具有生态服务功能地类碳密度最高,分别是188.44,329.34Mg/hm².碳储量空间格局整体呈现出中部低、北部高、东西中等的特点.碳储量空间分布特征与土地利用特征一致,碳储量显著高值集聚区域分布在建设用地少、生态用地多且连片的粤北地区,显著低值区域分布在国土开发强度和生态用地破碎化程度高的珠三角地带.在自然发展情景下,到2050年广东省土地利用碳储量将减少4327.21万Mg,随着国土空间进一步开发,环珠江口沿岸城市碳储量持续下降.增加植被生态系统碳储量,是实现碳中和的重要手段之一.要继续维持粤北山区生态保护屏障的重要地位,减缓珠三角城市土地开发强度,提高建设用地集约节约能力,形成平衡协调的土地利用和碳储量格局.     

外源硫诱导下的Desulfovibrio desulfuricans sub sp.EPS特性及对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附

研究了3种外源硫(Na₂SO₄、Na₂SO₃和Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O)对Desulfovibrio desulfuricans sub sp.(D.desulfuricans sp.)的胞外聚合物(EPS)的胁迫/诱导作用。结果表明,在还原性硫源0.50g/L Na₂SO₃的条件下,EPS产量最高,为2104.39mg/g VSS,蛋白质含量为1888.52mg/g VSS,较胁迫/诱导前均提高了300%以上;其对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附性能最好,为954.4mg/g EPS,提高了98.17%。三维荧光(3D-EEM)结果表明,胁迫/诱导后EPS中类酪氨酸均大量增加;傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,胁迫后-OH、C=O、C-O-C等官能团均大量增加,在Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附中发挥了重要作用;X光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,在还原性硫源(Na₂SO₃和Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O)胁迫/诱导后,EPS中C-O/C-N、C=N和某种含氧基团(X)大量增加,可能是吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的主要基团。     

高海拔地区与低海拔地区污水处理系统中微生物群落特征分析对比

从污水处理系统中微生物群落结构特征分析入手,利用高通量基因测序技术对高海拔地区(西藏)与低海拔地区(无锡)生活污水处理厂污泥样品中的微生物群落结构进行分析和对比。结果表明:高海拔地区各样品的Simpson指数(0.993~0.994)和Shannon指数(8.388~8.668)均高于低海拔地区的数值,但实际处理效率却低于低海拔环境。高海拔地区样品中丰度最高的菌属为Haliangium和Ferruginibacter,丰度分别为6.5%~10.3%和5.6%~6.4%,与去除水中的生化需氧量相关,而在低海拔地区样品中丰度最高的菌属为Hyphomicrobium,丰度为7.8%~11.4%,与污水处理的脱氮功能相关。在低海拔地区,具有除磷功能的聚磷假丝酵母菌(Candidatus accumulibacter)的丰度值为1.3%,但是在高海拔地区的样品中却未检测到其存在, 而是由Tetrasphaera(丰度1.2%~1.6%)和黄杆菌(Flavobacterium,丰度0.57%~0.70%)替代。环境条件的主成分分析结果表明,与高海拔地区的菌属种类分布相关性最高的环境因素为TN浓度,其次为TP、NH₄+-N和DO浓度。高海拔环境下,COD和BOD₅对微生物菌落分布的影响明显低于低海拔环境。     

Ambient volatile organic compounds at a receptor site in the Pearl River Delta region: Variations, source apportionment and effects on ozone formation

We present the continuously measurements of volatile organic compounds（VOCs） at a receptor site（Wan Qing Sha, WQS） in the Pearl River Delta（PRD） region from September to November of 2017. The average mixing ratios of total VOCs（TVOCs） was 36.3 ± 27.9 ppbv with the dominant contribution from alkanes（55.5%）, followed by aromatics（33.3%）. The diurnal variation of TVOCs showed a strong photochemical consumption during daytime,resulting in the formation of ozone（O₃）. Five VOC sources were ...     

草酸改性零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解地下水中2,4-DNT的研究

2,4-二硝基甲苯(2,4-DNT)作为重要的化工原料,由于储存和生产过程中的“跑冒滴漏”,已然成为地下水中常见有毒有害污染物之一,对人体健康和生态环境安全造成极大威胁. 以草酸与商品零价铁为原料,通过球磨法制备草酸化零价铁(OA-ZVIbm),并研究其活化过硫酸盐(PS)降解2,4-DNT的性能. 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对活化剂进行表征,并考察活化剂和PS投加量、溶液初始pH及无机阴离子对2,4-DNT降解效果的影响. 结果表明:①通过球磨改性,零价铁表面氧化层被草酸亚铁壳层代替,加速铁核腐蚀生成Fe2+催化PS. ②在pH=7、0.2 g/L OA-ZVIbm和5 mmol/L PS的条件下,4.0 h内对50 mg/L 2,4-DNT降解率达到87.6%,降解过程符合准一级动力学方程. ③2,4-DNT降解率随OA-ZVIbm和PS投加量增加以及溶液初始pH的降低增加,但高浓度PS会抑制2,4-DNT的降解;NO₃?、CO₃2?、Cl?和SO₄2?通过淬灭自由基或者与亚铁离子发生共沉淀,对降解产生不同程度的抑制效果. ④自由基淬灭试验表明,体系中同时产生SO₄? ?、·OH和1O₂,但SO₄? ?在降解过程中起主导作用. ⑤降解中间产物鉴定表明,通过脱硝和氧化反应,2,4-DNT被降解成包括间苯二酚、丙二酸在内的毒性较小分子,可生化性显著提高. 研究显示,OA-ZVIbm能够高效活化PS,实现对地下水2,4-DNT的显著降解,具有一定的应用前景.      

A novel approach to estimate and control denitrification performance in activated sludge systems with respirogram technology

Respirogram technology has been widely applied for aerobic process, however, the response of respirogram to anoxic denitrification is still unclear. To reveal such response may help to design a new method for the evaluation of the performance of denitrification. The size distribution of flocs measured at different denitrification moments demonstrated a clear expansion of flocs triggered by denitrification, during which higher specific endogenous and quasi-endogenous respiration rates (SOUR_e and SOUR_q) were also observed. Furthermore, SOUR_q increases exponentially with the specific denitrification rate (SDNR), suggesting that there should be a maximum SDNR in conventional activated sludge systems. Based on these findings, an index R_q/t, defined as the ratio of quasi-endogenous (OUR_q) to maximum respiration rate (OUR_t), is proposed to estimate the denitrification capacity that higher R_q/t indicates higher denitrification potential, which can be readily obtained without complex measurement or analysis, and it offers a novel and promising respirogram-based approach for denitrification estimation and control by taking measures to extend anoxic time to maintain its value at a high level within a certain range.     

Short-term inhalation exposure evaluations of airborne antibiotic resistance genes in environments

Antibiotic resistance is a sword of Damocles that hangs over humans. In regards to airborne antibiotic resistance genes (AARGs), critical knowledge gaps still exist in the identification of hotspots and quantification of exposure levels in different environments. Here, we have studied the profiles of AARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities in various atmospheric environments by high throughput qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We propose a new AARGs exposure dose calculation that uses short-term inhalation (STI). Swine farms and hospitals were high-risk areas where AARGs standardised abundance was more abundant than suburbs and urban areas. Additionally, resistance gene abundance in swine farm worker sputum was higher than that in healthy individuals in other environments. The correlation between AARGs with MGEs and bacteria was strong in suburbs but weak in livestock farms and hospitals. STI exposure analysis revealed that occupational intake of AARGs (via PM₁₀) in swine farms and hospitals were 110 and 29 times higher than in suburbs, were 1.5 × 10⁴, 5.6 × 10⁴ and 5.1 × 10² copies, i.e., 61.9%, 75.1% and 10.7% of the overall daily inhalation intake, respectively. Our study comprehensively compares environmental differences in AARGs to identify high-risk areas, and forwardly proposes the STI exposure dose of AARGs to guide risk assessment.     

山西省城市地区近年来环境空气臭氧污染特征及来源解析

基于山西省2018—2020年国控点位O₃监测数据分析了全省O₃污染特征,分别以晋城市和太原市为典型城市,分析了温度、相对湿度和风向风速等气象因子以及前体物(NO_x和VOCs)对O₃的影响,并采用CAMx模式开展2020年6—8月山西省O₃区域和行业来源解析. 结果表明:① 山西省O₃超标天数中以O₃轻度污染为主,且中度及以上污染呈增加趋势,O₃污染集中出现在5—9月,且呈现较强的地域性特征,O₃浓度日变化呈单峰型特征. ② ρ(O_{3-1 h})(臭氧1 h平均浓度)与气温、风速均呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关,高温、低湿有利于O₃的生成. 风速与ρ(O_{3-1 h})呈分段式线性关系,ρ(O_{3-1 h})随着风速增大而升高,当风速大于某一阈值时,ρ(O_{3-1 h})随风速的增加而下降. 以典型城市晋城市为例,当温度在25 ℃以上、相对湿度在30%~60%之间、风速为4~5 m/s,且风向为南风和东南风时更容易出现ρ(O_{3-1 h})高值. ③ 山西省2020年6—8月O₃区域来源解析表明,各城市O₃本地源贡献较弱而传输贡献影响显著(>80%). ④ 山西省2020年6—8月O₃行业来源解析表明,各市工业源类(电力源、焦化源和其他工业源)的贡献率在50%左右,柴油交通源贡献率在20%~27%之间. 研究显示,山西省O₃污染传输贡献影响显著,联防联控势在必行,电力源、焦化源和柴油交通源对O₃生成贡献较大,亟需优先加强管控.      

米曲霉发酵厨余垃圾制备富酶产物的研究

为了探讨利用微生物发酵厨余垃圾产酶的最佳条件,实现厨余垃圾高值资源化,选取米曲霉为试验菌种,基于米曲霉BNCC142787 (简称“米曲霉B”)、米曲霉CGMCC3.4427 (简称“米曲霉C”)的生长特性解析,研究不同培养方式(静置、振荡)和培养温度(30、35、40 ℃)对米曲霉好氧发酵厨余垃圾产酶性能的影响. 结果表明:米曲霉B和米曲霉C分别在30 ℃和40 ℃、pH为6的培养条件下生长最佳;与静置培养相比,振荡培养可显著提高米曲霉菌丝体的形成和生长速率,促进淀粉酶和蛋白酶分泌. 米曲霉B在40 ℃下厨余垃圾好氧发酵48 h时蛋白酶活性最高,为66.64 U/g;在30 ℃下好氧发酵48 h时,其淀粉酶活性最佳,为129.44 U/g. 米曲霉C在40 ℃下、厨余垃圾好氧发酵96 h时蛋白质酶和淀粉酶活性均达到最高,分别为64.02和131.11 U/g. 研究显示,米曲霉B和米曲霉C产生蛋白酶与淀粉酶的能力相当,但米曲霉B生长速率快,所需发酵时间短,可在温和的条件下实现产酶,因此采用米曲霉B在40 ℃、好氧发酵48 h条件下进行酶源制备,可充分利用厨余垃圾中的营养物质获得富含淀粉酶和蛋白酶的产物,具有显著的应用潜力.