塔山水库蓝藻暴发的成因及控制

简述了塔山水库蓝藻暴发的过程及成因。指出 ,由于水库的营养物质增多、水质恶化 ,在不利的水文、气象 (高温、光照充足、微风 )等条件下 ,导致蓝藻暴发。提出了相应的控制对策     

Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic carbons in sludges from wastewater treatment plants in Guangdong, China

In this study, the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in six sludge samples collected from Guangdong Province, China. Concentrations of PAHs varying from 2,534.1 to 6,926.6 μg kg^???1 (dry sludge) were observed in three municipal wastewater treatment plants with phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene, and pyrene being the main compounds. In addition, 682.6 μg kg^???1 PAHs were detected in one sludge sample from a food processing plant, with fluorene, Phe, and chrysene being the main components. No PAHs were detected in sludge samples obtained from two cosmetic plants. The levels and distributional characteristics of PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic musks (PMs) from the samples were also compared. The results of this comparison indicated that petrochemical refineries and road traffic played important roles in the PAH loads in sludge, while PMs primarily originated from domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater from cosmetic plants. Finally, the presence of 98.8 μg kg^???1 PCBs in sludge suggested diffusional emission sources from electrical components containing PCBs.     

PAH removal from spiked municipal wastewater sewage sludge using biological, chemical and electrochemical treatments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been widely studied due to their presence in all the environmental media and toxicity to life. These molecules are strongly adsorbed on the particulate matters of soils, sludges or sediments because of their strong hydrophobicity which makes them less bioavailability, thus limiting their bioremediation. Different sludge treatment processes were tested to evaluate their performances for PAH removal from sludge prealably doped with 11 PAHs (5.5mg each PAH kg(-1) of dry matter (DM)): two biological processes (mesophilic aerobic digestion (MAD) and simultaneous sewage sludge digestion and metal leaching (METIX-BS)) were tested to evaluate PAH biodegradation in sewage sludge. In parallel, two chemical processes (quite similar Fenton processes: chemical metal leaching (METIX-AC) and chemical stabilization (STABIOX)) and one electrochemical process (electrochemical stabilization (ELECSTAB)) were tested to measure PAH removal by these oxidative processes. Moreover, PAH solubilisation from sludge by addition of a nonionic surfactant Tween 80 (Tw80) was also tested. The best yields of PAH removal were obtained by MAD and METIX-BS with more than 95% 3-ring PAH removal after a 21-day treatment period. Tw80 addition during MAD treatment increased 4-ring PAHs removal rate. In addition, more than 45% of 3-ring PAHs were removed from sludge by METIX-AC and during ELECSTAB process were quiet good with approximately 62% of 3-ring PAHs removal. However, little weaker removal of 3-ring PAHs (<35%) by STABIOX. None of the tested processes were efficient for the elimination of high molecular weight (> or = 5-ring) PAHs from sludge.     

狭长地下受限空间火灾分区形成的试验研究

通过狭长地下受限空间的火灾模拟试验,研究O#柴油在不同空间尺度形成的火灾分区现象.分析柴油燃烧时狭长地下受限空间火灾分区现象形成的判断依据、条件、时间,惰化区氧气耗量与空间容积的关系,惰化区氧气体积分数、烟气温度随时间的变化.结果表明.燃料量、空间尺度和燃烧表面积是影响狭长地下受限空间火灾分区形成的主要因素;分区现象形成的判断依据为惰化区氧气体积分数≤16%;分区现象形成的条件为火焰区容积热强度≥720 kW·m-3.这对地下受限空间火灾的防治和其性能化设计具有参考价值.     

ABR反应器的启动研究

研究了添加填料对折流式厌氧反应器(ABR)启动性能的影响.反应器启动时,控制COD负荷为0.15 kg/(m3*d),逐渐提升至0.6 kg/(m3*d).未加填料的反应器经过约60 d,加入填料的反应器经过约35 d的连续运行,出水COD去除率稳定,启动基本完成.研究表明,添加填料的复合式反应器启动速度明显快于普通ABR,且运行稳定性更好,COD去除率较高,能够较好地截留污泥,有利于反应器生物效应的形成.     

北京核与辐射恐怖事件风险分析

采用风险分类-要素分析-风险排序的思路,对北京市核与辐射恐怖事件风险进行分析。根据国际上1998—2006年该类恐怖事件的实例,从事件所涉及的材料、场所角度将核与辐射恐怖事件分为6大类。结合北京市的实际情况进行涉核恐怖事件的要素分析,将北京市各类场所划分为4类敏感区并与5类涉核恐怖事件结合起来,得到北京市核与辐射恐怖事件风险构成图。通过风险分析,笔者认为北京市发生核与辐射恐怖事件风险最大的场所为核研究机构,最容易发生的核与辐射恐怖事件类型为涉及放射源的恐怖事件,结合分析结果对从阻止、探测、响应3个层次上提出了奥运核安保工作的反核恐工作建议。     

确定压力容器安全系数原则

压力容器安全系数与材料参数紧密相关,确定材料许用应力值时,需要同时考虑材料抗拉强度和屈服强度更为合理;奥氏体不锈钢材料具有非常好的应变强化能力和韧性,为充分发挥奥氏体不锈钢材料优良性能,选取奥氏体不锈钢材料许用应力值时,需要特殊考虑。压力容器安全系数的选取建立在经验基础上,在保障压力容器安全性前提条件下,为节省材料和降低成本,随着理论研究深入和科学实验的进步,压力容器安全系数有所降低,这是科学设计和实用成功经验结合的结果。     

城市生态安全多层次灰色综合评价

从城市生态安全的基本内涵出发,根据压力(pressure)-状态(state)-响应(response)模型,从生态系统压力、生态系统状况、生态系统响应3方面构建一个4层次的城市生态安全评价指标体系,运用灰色系统理论,构建了城市生态安全多层次灰色综合评价模型,并结合实例进行计算。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,表明该模型能有效地利用评价指标的信息,所给出的综合评价值既能用于描述所评价城市的生态安全状况,亦可对不同城市的生态安全状况进行比较,对更加科学合理地评价城市生态安全状况具有参考价值。     

煤的低温氧化实验研究及红外光谱分析

对不同温度下的氧化煤样通过红外光谱分析其微观结构及特征,得到煤样在不同低温氧化阶段的基团变化,从微观角度掌握煤样氧化过程的变化规律.通过对唐口煤矿1302工作面煤样的低温氧化和红外光谱分析,得到唐口煤矿煤样在低温氧化阶段的自燃倾向性和氧化过程中微观结构的变化规律,该成果为制定矿井内火灾的防治技术提供了科学依据.     

江苏省危险化学品生产状况调查分析及监管对策

根据《危险化学品名录》,分析江苏省取得危险化学品安全生产许可证的1774家企业的化学品种类、数量、生产企业类型分布情况.结果表明,江苏省危险化学品生产企业在地域分布上苏南多于苏北;化工、建材行业的危险化学品生产企业所占比例较高;危险化学品涉及除爆炸品外的6大类,达3 790种,以生产易燃液体的企业数目为最多;有31家企业生产10种以上危险化学品.笔者建议,通过评估摸清企业安全生产状况,严格控制危险化学品企业安全生产许可证发放,实现危险化学品运输企业的动态管理,建立安全监测预警技术平台.