A study of daily and seasonal variations of radon concentrations in underground buildings

A study of daily and seasonal variations of radon concentrations in underground buildings in major cities of China was carried out. According to the data from the Model 1027 continuous monitor, radon concentrations in the underground buildings changed through two cycles each day. The first cycle was from 12:00 to 0:00 and the highest or lowest value, depending on location, was at about 19:00. The second cycle had a little change. Based on the data from solid state nuclear detectors (SSNTDs), it was concluded that the radon concentrations in underground buildings in winter were lower than in summer, which was opposite to that above the ground level. Similar to that above the ground level, the radon concentrations in spring were close to the year-round average radon concentrations.     

砂尘试验箱原理分析改进及相关标准探讨

结合砂尘的产生和运动机理,对砂尘试验箱的设计原理和应用特点进行了说明,着重对吹砂程中空气的温度和湿度、砂尘颗粒直径比例进行了分析,对气固两相流中颗粒浓度的均匀性进行了探讨。基于砂尘的运动特性,国内应用较普遍采用的闭式循环吹砂试验设备,无法实现砂的有效分离,导致吹砂试验箱试验过程中颗粒直径比例不满足GJB 150.12A要求。在MIL-STD-810H中,已经取消了对吹砂试验相对湿度≤30%的要求。基于吹尘和吹砂引起的不同环境效应,结合吹尘和吹砂试验设备原理和国内已有设备的现状,对现有试验方法和校准规范的完善、砂尘试验箱的改进设计提出了建议和意见。同时文中也介绍了国外开式、闭式循环、可变循环等几种不同类型的砂尘试验箱作为参考,基于砂尘试验的破坏机理提出了砂尘试验箱的分类和选型建议。     

膜吸收器吸收CO2的影响因素研究

采用聚丙烯中空纤维膜吸收器,用水、NaOH和K2CO3 水溶液作为吸收剂进行高浓度CO2 吸收试验,考察了气体流率、吸收剂流率、质量分数以及流动方式对吸收率、传质系数和传质速率的影响.结果表明,随着气体流率增大,CO2的吸收率递减,总传质系数和总传质速率增加.在一定的气体流率下,吸收液流率增大,CO2的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率增大;吸收液浓度提高,吸收率增大,总传质系数和总传质速率提高.在气体流率较低时,质量分数为5%和8%的NaOH水溶液为吸收剂时的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率比较接近.随着气体流率增大,NaOH质量分数为8%时的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率增加的值大大超过NaOH质量分数为5%时增加的值.以水为吸收剂时,气体与吸收剂的流动方式为逆流时的吸收率、总传质系数和总传质速率高于并流时的值.     

Coupling effects of foam ceramics on the flame and shock wave of gas explosion

The coupling of gas explosion flame and shock wave is analyzed. In the gas explosion process, shock wave is affected by the flame directly, and shock wave also induces the flame. Inhibiting explosion can be achieved by the interference between the flame and shock wave propagation. If the coupling effects can be damaged, the adverse effects caused by the explosion should be mitigated and controlled. According to the structure characteristics of foam ceramics, the coupling effects mechanism of ceramic foam on gas explosion flame and shock wave is researched. When the explosion goes through the structure of foam ceramics, the flame can be quenched and the shock wave be attenuated. After the flame is quenched, the supply of precursor shock wave energy is cut off. Due to lack of energy supply, the destructive effects of blast wave will be reduced effectively. Coupling effects of the flame and shock wave can be damaged by the special structure of foam ceramics. Studies suggest that a certain function to represent the structure characteristics of foam ceramics must exist. For a certain material of foam ceramics, the sure porosity δ and the pore diameter d also can be get, which is the key to research and develop foam ceramic suppression technology of gas explosion.     

载铁改性沸石粉体抑制甲烷/空气扩散火焰试验研究

为发展洁净高效新型粉体灭火介质,以沸石粉体为基体,采用盐酸活化和氯化铁溶液浸泡方法制备载铁改性沸石粉体灭火剂。采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)等仪器对该粉体灭火剂的结构和形貌进行表征。通过小尺度的杯式燃烧器试验研究载铁沸石粉体对甲烷/空气扩散火焰的灭火效果,并和未改性沸石粉体进行对比。试验结果表明,载铁改性沸石粉体灭火剂的灭火效能明显高于未改性沸石粉体。改性沸石灭火效能提高,主要是由于所负载的铁离子在火焰中转化为活性铁原子,参与清除火焰自由基的催化反应。     

反应器热爆炸风险分析模型的构建

从风险的角度开展化工安全管理与决策。基于能量转移论,综合运用化工工艺的热风险评估和保护层分析(LOPA)方法,在对各类典型事故预防控制措施的有效性分析基础上,选择化工工艺过程中的绝热温升(ΔTad)表征反应器热爆炸的严重度,采用保护层分析得到的事故发生频率表征反应器热爆炸的发生可能性,构建了适用于反应器热爆炸的风险分析模型。在运用该模型对甲苯一段硝化间歇反应器的热爆炸风险进行分析的过程中,给出了相应的风险决策方案,验证了模型的可行性。     

美国减灾的应急及社会联动机制研究——以卡特里娜飓风为例

卡特里娜飓风是美国历史上最严重的一次自然灾害.本文从法律依据和国家灾难恢复和反应框架入手分析美国政府、社会各方对卡特里娜飓风灾害的应急反应和灾难恢复体系,从社会参与角度探讨美国的灾难联动参与反应机制,从新奥尔良市Broadmoor社区的恢复重建过程剖析美国的自下而上的社区主导型恢复重建体制,美国特色的防灾减灾社会联动机制能对加强和完善我国应急反应体系,对建设符合我国国情的减灾救灾社会参与机制提供启示与借鉴.     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。