扬州市不同行政区域空气重金属污染评价

采用活藓监测法,选择广泛分布的小羽藓为材料,对扬州市区、高邮市、仪征市、宝应县4个区域空气中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn、Hg 7种重金属元素污染情况进行监测.利用污染因子分析法、内梅罗综合指数分析法及重金属污染潜在生态风险评价法对不同区域空气重金属危害等级进行评价.结果表明:Zn、Pb、Cd元素主要污染地区为扬州市区,Cu元素主要污染地区为仪征市,Ni、Hg元素主要污染地区为宝应县,Cr元素主要污染地区为高邮市.4个区域空气重金属均处于重度污染水平,存在强生态风险.就整体而言,7种重金属元素中Cd、Zn、Hg为主要污染元素,污染情况最为严重,而Cu、Ni污染程度相对较轻.区域间空气重金属污染特征差别显著,制造业与港口航运发达的南部仪征市、江都区等地比以农业为主的北部宝应县污染重,污染程度由高到低为扬州市区仪征市高邮市宝应县.     

基于本地污染源调查的杭州市大气污染物排放清单研究

基于实地调查数据并辅以统计数据,采用物料衡算法和排放因子法,估算了杭州市2015年大气污染物排放清单,并选取经纬度坐标、路网、航道、土地类型和人口等数据作为权重因子,研究了该地区各类排放源污染物排放空间分布特征.结果表明,杭州市2015年SO_2、NO_x、CO、VOCs、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和NH_3年排放总量分别为22.20×10~3、108.17×10~3、192.10×10~3、134.94×10~3、78.12×10~3、27.65×10~3和59.75×10~3t.工业源是杭州市SO_2排放的主要来源,移动源对NO_x和CO的排放贡献最为显著,扬尘源是杭州市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)排放的最主要来源,其次为工业源;VOCs排放的主要来源依次为工业源、天然源和移动源;NH_3排放主要来自农业源.从空间分布来看,排放主要集中在中心城区及其周边的萧山、下沙、大江东、余杭和富阳等工业企业相对密集的区域.本研究建立的排放清单在污染源覆盖范围和排放因子方面仍然存在一定的不确定性,建议在后续研究中重点开展低、小、散企业及本地化排放因子调查研究工作,进一步提升大气污染物排放清单的准确度.     

微生物燃料电池恒电流预培养阳极生物膜分析表征

阳极性能是影响微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cells,MFCs)性能的关键因素之一,同时阳极的接种挂膜过程是影响微生物燃料电池启动效率的关键因素.因此,本课题组提出了预培养阳极作为微生物燃料电池的一种新型阳极的概念,在三电极体系下,通过外加恒定电流预培养阳极,在不同条件下对阳极表面进行电化学选择和生物膜驯化以丰富生物膜结构和厚度.结果表明,阳极的性能与预培养电流大小密切相关,预培养阳极CF-4i(外加4 A·m-2电流密度)通过循环伏安法、塔菲尔曲线、电化学阻抗谱测试,性能好于其他测试组及对照组,装配阳极CF-4i的微生物燃料电池能实现最大功率密度968.20 m W·m-2,是对照组的2.53倍.同时,通过共聚焦显微镜观察发现,生物膜大体分两层,外层的活细胞及内层的死细胞,外层活细胞长在内层死细胞之上.这种结构分布表明,阳极生物膜中的活细胞部分绝大多数都分布于生物膜的外侧,而不是均布于整个阳极生物膜中;同时这也表明不是整个阳极生物膜都具有新陈代谢活性,但死亡的细胞可以继续积累在电极表面附近,活的外层膜负责电流的产生,而内层的死细胞作为一种导电基质.     

基于互联网大数据的成都餐饮源细颗粒物排放空间分配研究

餐饮过程排放的废气正成为大城市大气污染的重要来源之一.根据成都市2013年排放清单更新的研究成果,综合运用本地化的餐饮排放因子、排放活动水平的调查成果和成都市统计年鉴的统计数据等信息,对成都市餐饮源的PM_(2.5)排放总量进行了估算,其结果为4740 t·a~(-1).为了对区域的餐饮废气排放进行空间分配,本文抓取了互联网兴趣点POI信息.通过这些信息,对成都市的社会餐饮、学校食堂餐饮和家庭餐饮的空间来源进行了表征,对成都市生活源中餐饮污染物排放的空间分布规律进行了探索,并提出了新的餐饮源高分辨空间分配方法.结果表明,基于POI空间分配的2013年成都餐饮源单位面积年排放强度均值为0.29 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),主城区均值为3.47 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1),全市的排放量分布区间为0~35.7 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1).互联网POI信息可以作为研究城市餐饮源空间分布的重要数据来源,在实际应用上更适于表征社会餐饮点源污染.     

成都市城区大气细颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征

为了解成都市城区大气细颗粒物水溶性离子污染特征,在成都市城区四季采集PM2.5有效样品共计102个,测得颗粒物质量浓度以及水溶性离子质量浓度(NH4+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、F-、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-),并分析其浓度变化特征,重点关注二次无机离子的污染特征及形成影响.结果表明,成都市城区水溶性离子与...     

Seasonal and particle size-dependent variations in gas/particle partitioning of PCDD/Fs

This study monitored particle size-dependent variations in atmospheric polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Two gas/particle partitioning models, the subcooled liquid vapor pressure (P(L)(0)) and the octanol-air partition coefficient (K(OA)) model, were applied to each particle sizes. The regression coefficients of each fraction against the gas/particle partition coefficient (K(P)) were similar for separated particles within the same sample set but differed for particles collected during different periods. Gas/particle partitioning calculated from the integral of fractions was similar to that of size-segregated particles and previously measured bulk values. Despite the different behaviors and production mechanisms of atmospheric particles of different sizes, PCDD/F partitioning of each size range was controlled by meteorological conditions such as atmospheric temperature, O(3) and UV, which reflects no source related with certain particle size ranges but mixed urban sources within this city. Our observations emphasize that when assessing environmental and health effects, the movement of PCDD/Fs in air should be considered in conjunction with particle size in addition to the bulk aerosol.     

单体滑坡灾害风险预测

以重庆市万州区农机技校滑坡为例,讨论了单体滑坡灾害的风险预测方法。提出采用Monte-Carlo方法预测滑坡发生的概率,利用能量守恒原理和谢德格尔公式推算滑程;结合滑坡裂缝的展布方位,预测出滑坡灾害发生后的影响范围;根据承灾体自身特点和相对于滑坡所处的位置,确定出滑坡灾害影响范围内承灾体的易损性;利用GIS对空间数据的图形叠加功能,将滑坡危险性和灾害易损性叠加,并在考虑库区水位动态变化的基础上,动态预测滑坡灾害导致的经济损失,定量预测滑坡灾害风险大小。结果表明,该滑坡在坝前145m水位和50年一遇暴雨工况下可能的经济损失值最大为10260万元;而在滑坡危险性最大的工况下,滑坡灾害风险不一定最大。所得结果可为滑坡灾害防治工程或土地规划立项提供依据,使政府决策部门在防灾减灾工作中更有针对性。     

Influence of start-up on PCDD/F emission of incinerators

This study aims to evaluate the influence of start-up on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) concentration in the stack flue gas of incinerators and its contributing PCDD/F emission. The PCDD/F emission of the first sample among three consecutive stack flue gas samples of five intermittent incinerators, which sampled at a stable combustion condition after start-up, is 2-3 times higher than the mean of the others. For verifying the PCDD/F characteristics of incinerators during start-up, one continuous MSWI was investigated for two years. The elevated PCDD/F emissions of the MSWI during start-up could reach 96.9 ng I-TEQN m(-3) and still maintained a high PCDD/F emission (40 times higher than the Taiwan emission limit) even 18 h after the injection of activated carbon, indicating the memory effect. Taking the MSWI for example, which consists of four incinerators, the estimated annual PCDD/F emission from normal operational conditions was 0.112 g I-TEQ. However, one start-up procedure can generate approximately 60% of the PCDD/F emissions for one whole year of normal operations. And the PCDD/F emission, which is the result of the start-ups of four incinerators, was at least two times larger than that of a whole year's normal operations, without consideration for the PCDD/F emission contributed by the long lasting memory effect.     

Remediation of soil contaminated with pyrene using ground nanoscale zero-valent iron

The sites contaminated with recalcitrant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are serious environmental problems ubiquitously. Some PAHs have proven to be carcinogenic and hazardous. Therefore, the innovative PAH in situ remediation technologies have to be developed instantaneously. Recently, the nanoscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) particles have been successfully applied for dechlorination of organic pollutants in water, yet little research has investigated for the soil remediation so far. The objective in this work was to take advantage of nanoscale ZVI particles to remove PAHs in soil. The experimental factors such as reaction time, particle diameter and iron dosage and surface area were considered and optimized. From the results, both microscale and nanoscale ZVI were capable to remove the target compound. The higher removal efficiencies of nanoscale ZVI particles were obtained because the specific surface areas were about several dozens larger than that of commercially microscale ZVI particles. The optimal parameters were observed as 0.2 g iron/2 mL water in 60 min and 150 rpm by nanoscale ZVI. Additionally, the results proved that nanoscale ZVI particles are a promising technology for soil remediation and are encouraged in the near future environmental applications. Additionally, the empirical equation developed for pyrene removal efficiency provided the good explanation of reaction behavior. Ultimately, the calculated values by this equation were in a good agreement with the experimental data.     

Anaerobic degradation of nonylphenol in soil

This study investigated the effects of various factors on the anaerobic degradation of nonylphenol (NP) in soil. The results show that the optimal pH for NP degradation was 7.0 and that the degradation rate was enhanced when the temperature was increased. The addition of compost enhanced NP degradation. The individual addition of the electron donors lactate, acetate, and pyruvate inhibited NP degradation. The high-to-low order of NP degradation rates under three anaerobic conditions was sulfate-reducing conditions > methanogenic conditions > nitrate-reducing conditions. The results show that sulfate-reducing bacteria, methanogen, and eubacteria are involved in the anaerobic degradation of NP, with sulfate-reducing bacteria being a major component of the soil. Of the anaerobic strains isolated from the soil samples, strain AT3 expressed the best ability to biodegrade NP.