长江宜昌江段几种鱼类体中六六六、滴滴涕的残留水平

利用毛细管电子捕获气相色谱法测定了长江宜昌江段采集的几种鱼样组织内六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留量.结果表明,在鱼体肌肉、脂肪和肝脏这三种组织中,HCHs、DDTs主要蓄积在鱼体肝脏,其次是脂肪组织,肌肉组织中残留量较低.鱼体肌肉组织中HCHs残留量低于0.5 ng/g,肝脏中的HCHs是其脂肪组织的2倍,最高为27.6 ng/g,主要为悛睭CH所贡献,猹睭CH和洫睭CH未检出.DDTs在鱼体肌肉、脂肪和肝脏组织中的残留量分别为0.4～14.8、12.5～147、33.4～286 ng/g.鱼体组织中DDTs主要以p,p′-DDE的形式存在,p,p′-DDE残留量占∑DDTs的70%左右.与国内外不同水域的鱼体中HCHs、DDTs残留量相比较,长江宜昌江段鱼体肌肉中HCHs和DDTs残留水平较低.     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides - lindane, p,p'-DDT, and heptachlor epoxide - in surface water of China

Persistent organochlorine pesticides pollutants (OCPs) have been reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in some Chinese waters. In order to map the distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the surface water throughout China, samples were collected from over 600 sites in seven major river basins and three main internal rivers drainage areas during 2003 and 2004. The surface water samples were analyzed for the representative organochlorine pesticides contaminants including lindane (gamma-HCH), p,p'-DDT and heptachlor epoxide. In general, the most frequently detected compound was lindane, being detected in 83.9% of samples (mean=31.3 ng/l; range <0.17-860 ng/l), and the highest concentration was present in the Yellow River basin. p,p'-DDT was detected in 63.1% of the samples collected (mean=14.6 ng/l; range <0.14-368 ng/l) with the highest concentration present in the Huaihe River basin. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in only 9.3% of water samples (range <0.11-10 ng/l). Measured concentrations for the three compounds were low and rarely exceed the environment quality standard for surface water of China. Lindane was more frequently detected at much higher concentrations in the rivers of northern China compared with those of southern China. The sites with higher concentration of lindane and p,p'-DDT mainly occurred in the Yellow River and Huaihe River basins, so the results of this investigation indicate that the organochlorine pesticide contamination of Yellow River and Huaihe River basins should be of particular concern relative to the other basins. When compared with other regions of the world, it appears that the Chinese surface water is moderately polluted by lindane and p,p'-DDT.     

中国经济实现持续增长面临的城市化滞后的挑战

我国人口城镇化滞后的根本原因在于计划经济体制下形成的二元经济结构和城乡隔离的户籍管理制度没有在工业化进程和市场经济体制建立进程中予以破除。而城镇化的滞后将给我国经济实现持续增长带来诸多挑战，包括有效需求不足、农业生产率低下、产业结构难以升级等。文章特别阐明通过包括户籍制度、就业制度和土地承包制度在内的制度创新，加快人口城镇化的步伐，促进经济持续稳定的增长。     

CO_2 Emission Induced by Urban Household Consumption in China

Household consumption is one of the important factors that induce COL emission. Based on input-output model, this article calculated the intensity of CO2 emission of different income groups and seven provinces in China, and then estimated total CO2 emission induced by urban household consumption from 1995 to 2004 in China based on statistic data of household living expenditure. The results show that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption had increased from 1583 to 2498 kg CO2 during 1995-2004. The ratio of consumption-induced CO2 emission to total CO2 emission had risen from 19% to 30% in the past decade. Indirect CO2 emission accounted for an important part of the consumption-induced emission, the ratio of indirect emission to consumption-induced emission had risen from 69% to 79% during the same period. A significant difference in consumption-induced CO2 emission across different income groups and different regions has been observed. COs emission per capita of higher income groups and developed regions increased faster than that of lower income groups and developing regions. Changing lifestyle has driven significant increase in CO2 emission. Especially, increases in private transport expenditure （for example, vehicle expenditure） and house building expenditure are key driving factors of growth in consumption-induced COL emission. There are big differences in the amount of CO2 emission induced by change in lifestyle across different income groups and provinces. It can be expected that lower income households and developing regions will increase consumption to improve their livings with income growth in the future, which may induce much more CO2 emission. A reasonable level of CO2 emission is necessary to satisfy human needs and to improve living standard, but a noticeable fact is that CO2 emission per capita induced by household consumption in developed areas of China had reached a quite high level. Adjustment in lifestyle towards a low-carbon society is in urgent need.     

Environmental impact and human exposure to PCBs in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in China

PCB levels in fish (collected from local rivers), atmosphere and human milk samples have been studied to determine the exposure levels of PCBs for local residents and e-waste workers in Guiyu, a major electronic waste scrapping center in China. The source appointment and correlation analyses showed that homologue composition of PCBs in 7 species of fish were consistent and similar to commercial PCBs Aroclor 1248. PCB levels in air surrounding the open burning site were significantly higher than those in residential area. Inhalation exposure contributed 27% and 93% to the total body loadings (the sum of dietary and inhalation exposure) of the local residents, and e-waste workers engaged in open burning respectively. Total PCB concentrations in human milk ranged from N.D. to 57.6 ng/g lipid, with an average of 9.50 ng/g lipid. The present results indicated that commercial PCBs derived from e-waste recycling are major sources of PCBs accumulating in different environmental media, leading to the accumulation of high chlorinated biphenyls in human beings.     

基于GIS和生态位适宜度模型的园地适宜性评价——以湖北宜昌市夷陵区为例

生态位适宜度是对经典生态位理论和方法的深化与发展,在合理优化和发挥作物、环境最大共生效应,及农业结构调整和布局中具有重要的理论和实际意义。以宜昌市夷陵区园地为研究对象,将生态位适宜度模型引入到适宜性评价研究中,构建了5个因素12个因子的指标体系并提出了语言型、阈值型和空间型指标的量化方法,采用加权求和与限制因子模型对各评价单元柑橘的生态位适宜度值及限制因子进行了定量分析。结果表明：研究区生态位适宜度值整体较高,最大值达0.893,生境条件基本能满足柑橘的生长发育需求;园地适宜性评价结果以2级为主,所占面积达41.34%,1级地也达到21.58%;限制该地区园地生产潜力的生态因子主要为：土壤质地、冷月平均气温和道路通达度。同时,丰富了土宜评价的理论和方法体系,能直接指导农业生产实践、促进园地的合理开发利用与管理     

中国建设用地扩张的变化路径识别

在耕地库兹涅兹曲线理论研究的基础上,本文提出了建设用地库兹涅兹曲线假说,并选用1999-2008年期间30个省级区域的面板数据,实证研究了我国建设用地库兹涅兹曲线的存在性。研究结果表明:在全国范围内,建设用地扩张与经济发展之间存在着单调递增的关系,本文所构想的建设用地库兹涅兹曲线假说没有能够得到我国经验数据的支持;无论是否将相关变量纳入到回归模型之中,东部地区和中部地区目前都处于建设用地持续扩张的阶段,这将为经济发展和农用地(特别是耕地)保护的权衡带来两难选择,而西部地区具体情况的识别则有待后续的深入研究;耕地资源禀赋、土地财政、土地违法及土地市场发育等相关变量对建设用地扩张发挥着不同程度和不同作用方向的影响。根据以上研究结论,本文认为我国急需改变现阶段严重依赖自然资源投入,特别是土地要素投入的粗放型经济增长方式,以缓和"吃饭"与"建设"之间的尖锐矛盾。     

大坝拦截对河流水溶解组分化学组成的影响分析——以夏季乌江渡水库为例

以乌江渡水库为主要研究对象,揭示了大坝拦截条件下的夏季水化学特征：阴离子以HCO-3,SO2-4为主,阳离子以Ca2+,Mg2+为主,其余离子含量低于10%,说明了碳酸盐岩的风化对水体化学组成起到了主要控制作用,蒸发盐岩石的风化对水体化学组成影响较小。水库水体存在温度分层现象,形成了不同层位的水体有着不同的水化学组成,即水化学分层。水化学的分层形成了溶解组分在水库垂直深度上的规律分布,比如受藻类的影响,Si和叶绿素随深度成相反的变化特征;HCO-3受光合作用和有机质降解的影响,30 m 以上随着水深的增加而递增,30 m 以下呈现相反趋势;水库泄水方式明显改变了水化学各种参数和离子在水体中的分配。乌江水库两主要支流（息烽河和偏岩河）分别对乌江渡坝前水体中的Ca2+,SO2-4,HCO-3,Mg2+和K+,Na+,Cl-有贡献。网箱养鱼、生活污水、农业施肥、酸性矿山废水以及酸雨沉降都会对水体造成不同程度的污染。     

常熟市耕地资源时空演变特征

基于卫星遥感影像数据,GIS空间分析技术和统计分析方法相结合,利用耕地面积缩减强度指数、空间叠加等方法分析了常熟市耕地资源的时空演变特征,揭示了苏南经济发达地区耕地资源减少的规律。研究发现,随着经济发展,常熟耕地资源逐渐减少,且因城区和工业用地扩张引起的耕地非农转化指向十分强烈,居民点空间的指向呈逐渐减弱的态势。从空间演变规律看,常熟耕地非农化主要表现在：1）经济增长越快,发展水平越高,耕地减少越快;2）在城市、港口区的镇耕地减少更快;3）港区和工业区的建设,使其周边耕地非农化速度加快;4）道路交通的扩张是耕地非农转化的一个稳定因素;5）不同时期,耕地非农占用的空间指向不同：从20世纪80年代被居民点用地占用逐渐变迁为2000年以后的被工业用地、城镇用地、港口用地占用为主。城市发展、港区建设、交通建设、农村居民点建设、工业化推进和经济发展是耕地资源缩减的主导影响因子.     

三峡水库小江回水区溶解有机物的三维荧光光谱特征

为了解三峡水库水体中溶解有机物(DOM)的特征及来源,以小江回水区为研究对象,对其DOM的三维荧光光谱进行了测定与分析,探讨了荧光强度与DOC、CODMn和叶绿素a的关系。结果显示：小江回水区DOM的三维荧光光谱主要表现出3个峰,类腐殖质荧光峰A、类蛋白荧光峰B和C;DOM荧光强度与DOC、CODMn相关性较好,表明荧光溶解有机物质的含量可以较好反映水体中有机碳和可被氧化有机物的含量;在8月份非水华暴发时期荧光强度和叶绿素a相关性较差,表明DOM荧光物质主要不是由浮游植物产生。综合分析可以推断小江回水区DOM的来源既有外源输入,也有内源输入,且外源输入对DOM荧光物质的贡献大于内源输入.