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411.
工程材料LCA中环境效益的分析与研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
论述了材料环境效益性的目标因素,详细分析产品材料在LCA中的环境效应性、能量消耗性和经济回收性;通过LCI分析建立环境效应、能量度量、经济度量的决策模型和数学模型实现材料环境效益性的目标;先整体定性分析LCA工艺,再定量计算环境效益的三属性值,建立目标函数、分层优化算法确定影响因子和相应的权重系数之间的关系以及对产品材料的环境效益性的影响,最后以家用小型风扇回收处理中各种材料环境效益性为例进行具体分析和决策,进一步明确和决策优化出环境效益性好的工程材料。 相似文献
412.
天津市大气颗粒物污染特征与来源构成变化 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
对1985年、2001年和2011年天津市颗粒物的粒径、化学组分以及污染来源的变化趋势进行了对比分析. 结果表明:天津市PM10中细粒子所占比重逐渐增加,由1985年的<0.51升至2011年的0.57. PM10中化学组分发生了明显改变,主要组分由单一的地壳元素发展为二次粒子、碳和地壳元素并重,1985年以地壳元素(Si、Al、Mg、Ca等)为主要组分,2001年以TC、Si、SO42-、Al、Ca为主要组分,2011年主要组分除TC、Si、SO42-、Ca外,还新增了NO3-. 各主要组分质量浓度及其占ρ(PM10)比例的变化多样,ρ(Si)所占比例先显著下降后保持平稳,其由1985年的28.7%降至2011年7.6%;碳组分所占比例由2001年的24.9%降至2011年17.9%;二次粒子质量浓度〔即ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NO3-)之和〕所占比例由2001年的10.2%升至2011年的18.3%. 煤烟尘对天津市PM10的分担率由1985年的45%降至2011年的22%,而开放源、二次粒子和机动车尾气尘对PM10的分担率有所增加,三者分别由1985年的29%、6%和3%升至2011年的35%、16%和16%. 环境空气中对颗粒物有重要贡献的源类越来越多,颗粒物的污染特征由煤烟型过渡为混合型再过渡到复合型. 相似文献
413.
Xiaoyan SHI Kebin HE Jie ZHANG Yongliang MA Yunshan GE Jianwei TAN 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2010,4(1):30-34
Oxygenated fuels are known to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines. In this study, 100% soy methyl ester (SME) biodiesel fuel (B100) and a blend of 10% acetal denoted by A-diesel with diesel fuel were tested as oxygenated fuels. Particle size and number distributions from a diesel engine fueled with oxygenated fuels and base diesel fuel were measured using an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI). Measurements were made at ten steady-state operational modes of various loads at two engine speeds. It was found that the geometric mean diameters of particles from SME and Adiesel were lower than that from base diesel fuel. Compared to diesel fuel, SME emitted more ultra-fine particles at rated speed while emitting less ultra-fine particles at maximum speed. Ultra-fine particle number concentrations of A-diesel were much higher than those of base diesel fuel at most test modes. 相似文献
414.
This article aims to generate the environmental profile of Singapore's Semakau landfill by comparing three different operational options associated with the life cycle stages of landfilling activities, against a 'business as usual' scenario. Before life cycle assessment or LCA is used to quantify the potential impacts from landfilling activities, an attempt to incorporate localized and empirical information into the amounts of ash and MSW sent to the landfill was made. A linear regression representation of the relationship between the mass of waste disposed and the mass of incineration ash generated was modeled from waste statistics between years 2004 and 2009. Next, the mass of individual MSW components was projected from 2010 to 2030. The LCA results highlighted that in a 'business as usual' scenario the normalized total impacts of global warming, acidification and human toxicity increased by about 2% annually from 2011 to 2030. By replacing the 8000-tonne barge with a 10000-tonne coastal bulk carrier or freighter (in scenario 2) a grand total reduction of 48% of both global warming potential and acidification can be realized by year 2030. Scenario 3 explored the importance of having a Waste Water Treatment Plant in place to reduce human toxicity levels - however, the overall long-term benefits were not as significant as scenario 2. It is shown in scenario 4 that the option of increased recycling championed over all other three scenarios in the long run, resulting in a total 58% reduction in year 2030 for the total normalized results. A separate comparison of scenarios 1-4 is also carried out for energy utilization and land use in terms of volume of waste occupied. Along with the predicted reductions in environmental burdens, an additional bonus is found in the expanded lifespan of Semakau landfill from year 2032 (base case) to year 2039. Model limitations and suggestions for improvements were also discussed. 相似文献
415.
针对大气颗粒物来源解析技术存在的2大问题:二次有机碳(SOC)对CMB模型的影响及源与受体不匹配程度对源成分谱共线性的影响,给出了解决方案.对于SOC影响的问题,提出从受体的角度扣除SOC,对CMB模型进行修正,降低SOC的影响;对于共线性问题,提出了PCA/MLR-CMB复合模型,复合模型首先进行PCA/MLR的解析,降低受体中未知源的影响,使得纳入CMB模型中的源和受体匹配程度大大提高,从而使得共线性源类能够得到理想的结果. 相似文献
416.
Glenn Lurman Till Blaser Miles Lamare Koh-Siang Tan Hans Poertner Lloyd S. Peck Simon A. Morley 《Marine Biology》2010,157(8):1705-1712
Temperature and mitochondrial plasticity are well studied in fishes, but little is known about this relationship in invertebrates.
The effects of habitat temperature on mitochondrial ultrastructure were examined in three con-familial limpets from the Antarctic
(Nacella concinna), New Zealand (Cellana ornata), and Singapore (Cellana radiata). The effects of seasonal changes in temperature were also examined in winter and summer C. ornata. Stereological methods showed that limpet pedal myocytes were 1–2 orders of magnitude smaller in diameter (≈3.5 μm) than
in vertebrates, and that the diameter did not vary as a function of temperature. Mitochondrial volume density (Vv(mt,f)) was approximately 2–4 times higher in N. concinna (0.024) than in the other species (0.01 and 0.006), which were not significantly different from each other. Mitochondrial
cristae surface density (Sv(im,mt)) was significantly lower in summer C. ornata (24.1 ± 0.50 μm2 μm−3) than both winter C. ornata (32.3 ± 0.95 μm2 μm−3) and N. concinna (34.3 ± 4.43 μm2 μm−3). The surface area of mitochondrial cristae per unit fibre volume was significantly higher in N. concinna, due largely to the greater mitochondrial volume density. These results and previous studies indicate that mitochondrial
proliferation in the cold is a common, but not universal response by different species from different thermal habitats. Seasonal
temperature decreases on the other hand, leading preferentially to an increase in cristae surface density. Stereological measures
also showed that energetic reserves, i.e. lipid droplets and glycogen in the pedal muscle changed greatly with season and
species. This was most likely related to gametogenesis and spawning. 相似文献
417.
西安市燃煤中铅的排放量及其环境效应 总被引:17,自引:2,他引:15
为了研究燃煤过程中铅的排放量及其环境效应,对西安市燃煤电厂的原煤、底灰、飞灰的含铅量,采暖期燃煤锅炉的原煤和炉渣的含铅量,采暖期和非采暖期降尘的含铅量等进行了分析和测算.结果表明: 燃烧1 t含铅量为30 g左右的煤,排放到大气中的铅为20 g左右.燃煤中铅的排放率为66%左右.西安市及邻区每年工农业和民用燃煤1000万t左右,主要为渭北石炭-二叠系煤,含铅量为30 g/t左右,其每年排放到大气中的铅为200t左右. 相似文献
418.
419.
汞矿区大气汞的流通量与汞干湿沉降研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
应用FluxChamber技术评价汞矿,矿渣及附近土壤表面汞的流通量,表明,土壤表面汞的流通量平均为173.5ng.h^-1.m^-2,矿均为236.6ng.h^-1.m^-2,原矿平均为70ng.h^-1.m^-2。 相似文献
420.
A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Human Factors on Wildlife Habitat: the Case of Giant Pandas 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Jianguo Liu ‡ Zhiyun Ouyang † William W. Taylor Richard Groop § Yingchun Tan and Heming Zhang 《Conservation biology》1999,13(6):1360-1370
Abstract: To address the complex interactions between humans and wildlife habitat, we developed a conceptual framework that links human factors with forested landscapes and wildlife habitat. All the components in the framework are integrated into systems models that analyze the effects of human factors and project how wildlife habitat would change under different policy scenarios. As a case study, we applied this framework to the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest home of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ). We collected ecological and socioeconomic data with a combination of various methods ( field observations, aerial photographs, government documents and statistics, interviews, and household surveys) and employed geographic information systems and systems modeling to analyze and integrate the data sources. Human population size has increased by 66% and the number of households in the reserve has increased by 115% since 1975, when the reserve was established. During the same period, the quality and quantity of the giant panda habitat dramatically decreased because of increasing human activities such as fuelwood collection. Systems modeling predicted that under the status quo, human population in the reserve would continue to grow and cause more destruction of the remaining panda habitat, whereas reducing human birth rates and increasing human emigration rates would lower human population size and alleviate human impacts on the panda habitat. Furthermore, our simulations and surveys suggested that policies encouraging the emigration of young people would be more effective and feasible than relocating older people in reducing human population size and conserving giant panda habitat in the reserve. 相似文献