Municipal solid waste management in China: Status,problems and challenges

This paper presents an examination of MSW generation and composition in China, providing an overview of the current state of MSW management, an analysis of existing problems in MSW collection, separation, recycling and disposal, and some suggestions for improving MSW systems in the future. In China, along with urbanization, population growth and industrialization, the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation has been increasing rapidly. The total MSW amount increased from 31.3 million tonnes in 1980 to 212 million tonnes in 2006, and the waste generation rate increased from 0.50 kg/capita/day in 1980 to 0.98 kg/capita/year in 2006. Currently, waste composition in China is dominated by a high organic and moisture content, since the concentration of kitchen waste in urban solid waste makes up the highest proportion (at approximately 60%) of the waste stream. The total amount of MSW collected and transported was 148 million tonnes in 2006, of which 91.4% was landfilled, 6.4% was incinerated and 2.2% was composted. The overall MSW treatment rate in China was approximately 62% in 2007. In 2007, there were 460 facilities, including 366 landfill sites, 17 composing plants, and 66 incineration plants. This paper also considers the challenges faced and opportunities for MSW management in China, and a number of recommendations are made aimed at improving the MSW management system.     

Toward an improved legislative framework for China's land degradation control

The Chinese government has recently been attaching increasing importance to the application of effective legal tools to tackle land degradation (LD) issues. Based on the concept of sustainable development, China began developing and reaping the benefits of environmental and natural resources legislation including LD control regulations in the 1990s. In the past three years, some central‐western provinces in China have been implementing a “ People's Republic of China/Global Environment Facility (PRC/GEF ) Partnership on LD Control of Dryland Ecosystems”, which is based on an integrated ecosystem management (IEM) approach. IEM is designed to achieve a balanced, scientific and participatory approach to natural resources management, which creates the potential to improve the quality of Chinese environmental law and policy procedures. The paper studies the existing Chinese national laws and regulations pertinent to LD control within 9 areas covering land, desertification, soil erosion, grassland, forest, water, agriculture, wild animals and plants, and environment protection in detail, against IEM principles and basic legal elements. The main objective is to identify problems and provide feasible solutions and recommendations for the improvement of the existing laws and regulations. The authors conclude that the development of an improved national legislative framework is essential if LD control is to be successfully achieved. The paper is partly based on Component 1 — Improving Policies, Laws and Regulations for Land Degradation Control under PRC/GEF Partnership on Land Degradation in Dryland Ecosystems (TA 4357).     

毒死蜱、二嗪磷等6种农药对鸟类的环境风险评估

应用现有的评估方法,对毒死蜱、二嗪磷、乐果、吡虫啉、抗蚜威和灭多威6种农药对鸟类的风险进行评估,评估结果表明,经食途径,乐果、毒死蜱和二嗪磷对鸟类的初级急性、短期和长期风险均不可接受;吡虫啉对鸟类的初级急性和长期风险不可接受;抗蚜威和灭多威对鸟类的初级急性风险不可接受,对鸟类的初级短期和长期风险可接受.通过饮水途径,只...     

再生水的环境安全管理机制研究

探讨了再生水回用潜在的环境安全问题,以及导致这些问题的原因。并提出了再生水安全回用的管理机制。建立再生水回用安全管理体系,是再生水回用政策得以顺利推进的基础。这一安全管理体系的建设应包括有关鼓励再生水回用的政策法规保障体系、标准体系、技术支持和安全管理手段。     

基于熵理论的城市生态调控初探

由于城市问题开益复杂化、全局化,城市生态调控作为解决城市问题的重要手段,其研究的对象和方法应当随之发展变化.阐述了将基于降低熵增的理论应用到城市生态调控的方法,并提出了相应的理论框架和实践方法.熵作为表征系统无序性的重要热力学概念,在城市这一典型的耗散系统的调控中有良好的应用前景.将熵理论引入城市生态调控体系,定义了城市生态系统熵,分析其影响因素,并提出了相应的定量方法.此外,充分考虑基于物流能流分析的熵理论在城市生态调控中应用的关键机制,探讨了通过降低城市生态系统熵从而增加系统有序度、维护系统健康的生态调控理论和方法,构建了相应的理论框架和方法体系,为解决城市复合环境问题提供了新的调控方法和思路.     

因果分析与系统安全性风险评价方法

综合了故障树分析和事件树分析的方法,提出因果分析的框架,研究了基于因果分析建立事故脚本的方法。在此基础上,还对因果分析的概率风险评价方法进行研究,并利用该评价方法,对电机过热的安全性问题进行分析,给出了分析计算的结果     

逐级提取试验研究岩石中氟的化学活动性

使用逐级化学提取方法对岩石中氟元素的化学活动性进行了研究.结果表明,不同时代、不同类型岩石中氟的化学活动性具有很大的差异,碳酸盐岩中氟均具有很强的化学活动性,其中氟的可淋失比例一般高于75%;下寒武统黑色岩系中氟的化学活动性与岩石变质程度有关,变质程度较高的黑色碳质板岩中氟的可淋失比例一般小于黑色页岩、黑色硅质岩中氟的可淋失比例.磷块岩中氟的可淋失比例较高,而千枚岩中氟的可淋失比例一般较低;辉绿岩中氟的可淋失比例与原岩中氟含量存在正相关关系.不同时代的石煤中氟的化学活动性具有较大差异.下志留统石煤中氟的可淋失比例(平均为47.39%)一般高于下寒武统石煤中氟的可淋失比例(平均为29.43%).     

MOIMS在环境数据发布中的应用

以江西省1:25万地形数据库为原数据,在详细的系统分析、模式比较基础上,设计开发了"江西赣江流域环境数据发布WebGIS系统".在系统设计上,采用了一种新的混合模式策略;在开发中,利用了MapObjects控件的GIS数据分析功能,及其组件MOIMS的地图服务功能.用户在客户端通过网页浏览器不仅可以实现放大、缩小、漫游等基本GIS功能,而且还可以制作专题图和通过属性值查询空间对象.该系统的应用,扩大了GIS系统的用户范围,使GIS的操作简单化,可辅助环境管理和决策.     

依据污染分担率划分地表水污染类型的方法

依据污染分担率大小,划分地表水污染类型,并冠以主名称、副名称。通过实例调查,确定污染分担率界线,提出以15%≤K〈40%的指标作为副名称,以40%≤K〈70%的指标作为主名称。定名时,副名称在前,主名称在后,组成＂兼有‘××’污染的‘××’污染型的＂的形式。能比较直观地反映地表水的主要污染特征。应用起来简单易行,可操作性强,容易为大众理解和接受,避免了数字评价的枯燥无味,有一定的现实意义。     

防洪工程与海河平原水资源短缺

海河平原水资源短缺日益严重,其成因和缓解对策是当前紧迫的研究课题。防洪工程对海河平原水资源影响的研究,有助于从源头上解决水资源短缺。通过分析海河流域旱涝成因和防洪工程体系,探讨了防洪工程体系对平原水资源储备的破坏,指出防洪工程大幅度减少平原水资源的供给,提出基于防洪工程改造和水资源储备恢复的缓解水资源短缺对策。文章提出防洪工程引起海河平原水资源减少和通过恢复、重建湖泊和沼泽等湿地来增加海河平原水资源的新观点,对于全面审视海河流域防洪工程的作用、综合分析海河平原水资源短缺的成因和正确采取缓解水资源短缺的对策具有一定的启迪作用。