Spatially identifying vulnerable communities to climate change impact in South Australia

The impending form and extent of climate change and its direct impacts present disproportionate challenges for the most socially and economically disadvantaged groups within populations. Evaluating the vulnerability of disadvantaged groups in the context of climate change has presented tremendous theoretical, methodological and policy challenges especially where vulnerability assessment research is focused at the local community level. This study addresses the challenges by developing an interdisciplinary methodology, based on expert knowledge, and uses the state of South Australia as a case study. It focuses on key indicators that measure the exposure of local communities to climate change and socio-economic vulnerabilities of local populations. A main contribution in this study is the novel incorporation of physical, environmental and socio-demographic data sets and extensive use of spatial modelling and estimation methods to spatially define climate change and social vulnerability “hot spots”. This paper assesses vulnerability under moderate and high Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CO₂ emission scenarios in order to generate an assessment model to be used before planning is done. The result is the creation of a practical tool through which decision-makers can better understand how the complexity of one's local spatial context influences the unique exposure, which different vulnerable communities have, to the impacts of climate change. This paper presents a useful tool that can be used in the initial assessment phase by planners and policy-makers to better assist those who are limited in their ability to adapt to climate change.     

广西灌阳县观音阁响水洞的形成环境及1号石笋的古气候信息

本文根据灌阳县响水洞的成洞地质条件、生态环境以及洞穴的组成等 ,论述了洞穴的形成、发育过程。通过对响水洞 1号石笋的铀系测年 ,碳氧同位素及沉积 (间断 )纹层分析 ,获得了距今 4 4.0～ 3 .1ka高分辨率古气候演变信息。反映 4 4.0ka以来区内经历了严寒 (晚大理冰期 )、冰期后干冷和温热 (间夹短暂的冷期 )等气候变化 ,为确定响水洞的形成时代和环境提供了科学依据。     

天津局部大气颗粒物上多环芳烃分布状态

通过对天津市内的几个典型地区大气颗粒物进行测定,检测出58种多环芳烃,并对11种多环芳烃进行定量测定。其结果表明,所涉及 的区域在采暖期内大多数点位的苯并(a)芘超标,超标倍数在1.1～4.6之间;交通繁忙地区的多环芳烃的污染程度高于其他地区;笔者还对多 环芳烃在不同粒径颗粒物上的分布特征、苯并(a)芘与大气颗粒物进行相关性分析和评价。      

法布里-珀罗光纤传感器在桥梁健康监测中的应用

对桥梁实施监测 ,是诊断桥梁健康状况的主要手段 ,现代传感技术和计算机技术的发展 ,使桥梁健康状态的实时监测变为可能。笔者分析了法布里 -珀罗光纤传感器的基本原理和特性 ,设计了一种法布里 -珀罗应变测试系统 ,并在预应力混凝土连续桥梁上与电阻式应变传感器进行了应变对比测试试验。试验结果表明 ,法布里 -珀罗光纤传感器对环境温度不敏感 ,易与钢筋、混凝土复合 ,适用于桥梁结构的应变测试 ,可用于桥梁健康状态的在线监测     

Analyzing farm households’ perception and choice of adaptation strategies towards climate change impacts: a case study of vulnerable households in an emerging Asian region

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Poor agricultural communities are particularly more disruptive to changes in climate. In southeast Asian countries, Pakistan is extremely vulnerable...     

大气颗粒物酸缓冲能力来源解析技术与应用

建立了大气颗粒物酸缓冲能力的表征方法,测定了天津市区不同源类的酸缓冲能力;建立了基于二重源解析技术(NCMB)的TSP酸缓冲能力来源识别技术,阐述了其技术原理,并在天津城区加以应用.结果表明,大气中颗粒物浓度和降雨量是影响天津城区降雨pH值的关键因素;颗粒物的酸缓冲能力主要来源于城市扬尘、建筑水泥尘和土壤风沙尘等开放源.开放源污染是现阶段决定天津城区酸雨发展的关键因素之一.     

化学质量平衡受体模型新技术的应用──TEDA大气颗粒物来源解析实例

本文结合实例介绍了大气颗粒物来源解析最常用的模型－化学质量平衡（ＣＭＢ）的原理、有效方差最小二乘解法及诊断检验技术，并用ＭＰＩＮ矩阵检验了拟合元素对拟合源的灵敏度，奇异值分解法（ＳＶＤ）鉴别了共线源，得出天津市经济技术开发区（ＴＥＤＡ）的ＴＳＰ主要来源为风沙、扬尘，其次为燃煤飞灰和木灰。     

基于低碳视角的天津市能源结构系统动力学分析

全球气候变化和温室气体的大量排放已成为国际社会广泛关注的问题,能源结构调整是应对这一问题行之有效的手段。通过对天津市能源结构进行研究,从低碳角度出发,以改善天津以煤为主的能源供给结构、提高能源利用效率、缓解能源供应压力、减少环境污染和生态破坏为目的,应用系统动力学对天津市能源结构的未来发展情况进行模拟,通过对非低碳模式、低碳模式和强化低碳模式3种模拟方案下能源消耗情况和温室气体排放的比较,找出适合天津市能源结构调整的最佳模式。     

Nitrogen nutrition in cotton and control strategies for greenhouse gas emissions: a review

Cotton (Gossypium hirustum L.) is grown globally as a major source of natural fiber. Nitrogen (N) management is cumbersome in cotton production systems; it has more impacts on yield, maturity, and lint quality of a cotton crop than other primary plant nutrient. Application and production of N fertilizers consume large amounts of energy, and excess application can cause environmental concerns, i.e., nitrate in ground water, and the production of nitrous oxide a highly potent greenhouse gas (GHG) to the atmosphere, which is a global concern. Therefore, improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cotton plant is critical in this context. Slow-release fertilizers (e.g., polymer-coated urea) have the potential to increase cotton yield and reduce environmental pollution due to more efficient use of nutrients. Limited literature is available on the mitigation of GHG emissions for cotton production. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of N fertilization, in cotton growth and GHG emission management strategies, and will assess, justify, and organize the researchable priorities. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen are essential nutrients for successful crop production. Ammonia (NH₃) is a central intermediate in plant N metabolism. NH₃ is assimilated in cotton by the mediation of glutamine synthetase, glutamine (z-) oxoglutarate amino-transferase enzyme systems in two steps: the first step requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to add NH₃ to glutamate to form glutamine (Gln), and the second step transfers the NH₃ from glutamine (Gln) to α-ketoglutarate to form two glutamates. Once NH₃ has been incorporated into glutamate, it can be transferred to other carbon skeletons by various transaminases to form additional amino acids. The glutamate and glutamine formed can rapidly be used for the synthesis of low-molecular-weight organic N compounds (LMWONCs) such as amides, amino acids, ureides, amines, and peptides that are further synthesized into high-molecular-weight organic N compounds (HMWONCs) such as proteins and nucleic acids.     

多户化粪池联用的生活污水处理净化槽的研究

在单独净化槽的基础上针对农村现有的自来水化工程相配的化粪池,研发多户联用的多功能高效新型净化槽,调查了生物滤床对污水净化作用,测定了各区BOD5、氨氮和浊度的变化情况,讨论了各区生物滤床对出水水质的影响。结果表明:当处理能力为单独净化槽4倍情况下,各区加入滤床后出水的BOD5、氨氮和浊度分别为3 mg/L、10.5 mg/L和5NTU,水质指标均可达到国家一级排放标准,大大减少了净化槽的投资费用。