Impact of gasoline engine deposits on light duty vehicle emissions: in-use case study in Beijing, China

Tailpipe emissions from light-duty gasoline vehicles usually deteriorate over time. The accumulation of engine deposits due to inadequate gasoline detergency is considered to be one of the major causes of such emission deterioration. Six in-use light-duty gasoline vehicles in Beijing were tested to investigate the impact of engine deposits on emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ). Emissions under cold start and hot running test conditions from the six light duty vehicles were measured before and after engine deposits were removed. Results show that although individual vehicles reacted differently for each of the pollutants, elimination of engine deposits on average reduced HC emissions under hot running conditions by 29.4%, CO emissions under cold start conditions by 23.0% and CO emissions under hot running conditions by 35.5% (t < 0.05 in all cases). No pollutant emissions increased with statistical significance (t < 0.05) after the removal of engine deposits. Variations of emission changes upon removal of engine deposits were observed. Such variations are in line with previous studies, implying that the impact patterns of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be subject to many influencing factors that are not fully understood and difficult to control under all conditions. A statistical view of the impact of engine deposits on vehicle emissions may be appropriate for evaluation of emissions reductions across a city or a country. It is necessary to maintain sufficient and effective gasoline fuel detergency in practice to keep the engines clean and in turn reduce vehicle emissions.     

Restoring mechanism of mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene pellet moldings by a repelletizing treatment using a twin-screw extruder

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - To develop material-recycling processes for used plastic products, it is necessary to design new material-recycling techniques to optimize the...     

电磁辐射防护服装研究进展探讨

为了防护人体免遭电磁辐射的危害,电磁辐射防护服装的应用及相关研究受到广泛关注。本文从电磁辐射防护的背景入手,阐述了电磁辐射防护服的防护原理研究进展,介绍了电磁辐射防护服装的应用以及屏蔽效能测试与评价的研究现状,并对电磁辐射防护服装今后研究提出了相应的建议与展望。     

层次分析法在生活垃圾处置方案优选中的应用

对于如城市生活垃圾处置技术方案优选这类多目标、多方案决策问题,特别是在决策缺乏充分的信息支持前提时,AHP分析法的若干特点,显示其作为一种系统工程的理论工具具有一定的客观性、准确性和有效性,是一种简易而且可行的理论方法和手段。通过以某经济开发区生活垃圾处置方案的优选为例进行了探讨。     

氧化锰改性的茶叶渣吸附水体中Pb(Ⅱ)

将水合氧化锰(HMO)采用原位沉积技术负载于废弃茶叶渣表面,合成了复合材料氧化锰改性的茶叶渣(HMO-TW),研究了HMO-TW对水溶液中常见重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性,探讨了溶液p H值、共存碱土离子、温度、接触时间、Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度等因素对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附效果的影响.结果表明:酸性范围内,Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率随p H升高而增大;在竞争离子Ca(Ⅱ)、Mg(Ⅱ)、Na(Ⅰ)的浓度高于Pb(Ⅱ)20倍时,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附去除率仅分别下降11%、7%和1%;Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附过程较好的符合Freundlich等温模型,计算的理论最大吸附容量为188.25 mg·g-1.远远高于未经改性茶叶渣的Pb(Ⅱ)吸附量(33.49 mg·g-1);Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附速度较快,250 min内便基本达吸附平衡.所有结果均证实HMO-TW在净化实际铅污染水体中有着较为广阔的应用前景.     

六溴环十二烷(HBCD)对H4细胞和SK-N-AS细胞脱碘酶2和3表达的影响

六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecane,HBCD)与多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diethyl ethers,PBDEs)复合污染体系,对人类健康尤其神经系统所造成的潜在危害及其机制一直是笔者课题组的研究方向。HBCD是广泛使用的溴化阻燃剂,与PBDEs一样,会通过干扰内分泌系统、影响甲状腺激素分泌及损伤神经系统,对生物体产生发育神经毒性。作为系列研究之一,本研究以H4人脑神经胶质瘤细胞和SK-N-AS人神经母细胞瘤细胞为体外生物模型,通过观察HBCD对H4细胞Ⅱ型脱碘酶(Dio2)和SK-N-AS细胞Ⅲ型脱碘酶(Dio3)表达的调控,初步探讨了HBCD对神经系统局部甲状腺激素水平的潜在影响。H4细胞和SK-N-AS细胞分别暴露于0、1、3和9μmol·L-1HBCD 24 h后,采用MTT法检测细胞活力,Western Blot和RT-PCR法分别分析Dio2和Dio3蛋白和基因的表达,酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法检测H4细胞脑源性神经细胞营养因子(BDNF)的分泌。结果表明,HBCD以剂量依赖方式降低H4细胞和SK-N-AS细胞生存率,引起H4细胞Dio2蛋白和基因表达下调,而致SK-N-AS细胞Dio3蛋白和基因表达上调。此外,HBCD还降低H4细胞BDNF的分泌。这表明,HBCD很可能通过影响神经和胶质细胞脱碘酶的表达,影响脑局部甲状腺激素水平,从而引起神经系统损伤及发育神经毒性。     

Characterization of CANON reactor performance and microbial community shifts with elevated COD/N ratios under a continuous aeration mode

COD/N at low ratios (0–0.82) improved N removals of CANON. CANON performance decreased after COD/N up to 0.82. The relative abundance of AOB decreased continuously with increasing COD/N. AOB outcompeted at a high COD load led to CANON failure. The relative abundance of AnAOB decreased and increased with increasing COD/N. The effects of increasing COD/N on nitrogen removal performance and microbial structure were investigated in a SBR adopting a completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process with a continuous aeration mode (DO at approximately 0.15–0.2 mg/L). As the COD/N increased from 0.1 to≤0.59, the nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) increased from 88.7% to 95.5%; while at COD/N ratios of 0.59–0.82, the NRE remained at 90.7%–95.5%. As the COD/N increased from 0.82 to 1.07, the NRE decreased continuously until reaching 60.1%. Nitrosomonas sp. (AOB) and Candidatus Jettenia (anammox bacteria) were the main functional genera in the SBR. As the COD/N increased from 0.10 to 1.07, the relative abundance of Nitrosomonas decreased from 13.4% to 2.0%, while that of Candidatus Jettenia decreased from 35% to 9.9% with COD/N<0.82 then increased to 45.4% at a COD/N of 1.07. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria outcompeted AOB at high COD loadings (650 mg/L) because of oxygen competition, which ultimately led to deteriorated nitrogen removal performance.     

球团竖炉烟气脱硫工程应用研究

论述了文氏栅洗涤器及其配套系统在球团竖炉烟气脱硫工程应用方面的研究,介绍了双碱法在文氏栅洗涤器及其配套系统中的脱硫机理和工艺过程。同时对设备的防腐和废水、废渣的处理,系统的常规检测和自动监测都作了相应的研究。对文氏栅洗涤器的脱硫除尘效率、设备及工程投资、工业运行成本作了适当的介绍。文氏栅洗涤器具有良好的组合特性,适用的烟气量范围广,是用于炉窑烟气脱硫除尘的理想设备,具有广阔的开发应用前景。     

建设工程总承包和分包中的安全管理

某公司承揽了A市经济适用房建设,工程开工后,指挥部决定塑钢窗的制作安装不再由土建施工单位施工,而由指挥部另指定厂家承包施工.但在厂家确定后,指挥部又要求施工单位与厂家签定分包合同,厂家根据合同每次拨付工程款时,由施工单位代开收据,然后该工程款直接进入厂家帐户,并不经施工单位帐户,施工单位仅收取每平方米5元的分包管理费.     

Experimental and computational assessment of 1,4-Dioxane degradation in a photo-Fenton reactive ceramic membrane filtration process

• 1,4-Dioxane was degraded via the photo-Fenton reactive membrane filtration. • Degradation efficiency and AQY were both enhanced in photocatalytic membrane. • There is a tradeoff between photocatalytic degradation and membrane permeation flux. • Degradation pathways of 1,4-Dioxane is revealed by DFT analysis. The present study evaluated a photo-Fenton reactive membrane that achieved enhanced 1,4-Dioxane removal performance. As a common organic solvent and stabilizer, 1,4-Dioxane is widely used in a variety of industrial products and poses negative environmental and health impacts. The membrane was prepared by covalently coating photocatalyst of goethite (α-FeOOH) on a ceramic porous membrane as we reported previously. The effects of UV irradiation, H₂O₂ and catalyst on the removal efficiency of 1,4-Dioxane in batch reactors were first evaluated for optimized reaction conditions, followed by a systematical investigation of 1,4-Dioxane removal in the photo-Fenton membrane filtration mode. Under optimized conditions, the 1,4-Dioxane removal rate reached up to 16% with combination of 2 mmol/L H₂O₂ and UV₃₆₅ irradiation (2000 µW/cm²) when the feed water was filtered by the photo-Fenton reactive membrane at a hydraulic retention time of 6 min. The removal efficiency and apparent quantum yield (AQY) were both enhanced in the filtration compared to the batch mode of the same photo-Fenton reaction. Moreover, the proposed degradation pathways were analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which provided a new insight into the degradation mechanisms of 1,4-Dioxane in photo-Fenton reactions on the functionalized ceramic membrane.