Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes,using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis.Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition(N, NH4Cl100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, which may be related to the reason that the root growth was affected by N addition.Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH4+may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.     

稻田生态系统气体调节功能及其价值

论文以2002年在上海五四农场稻田生态系统田间实验为基础,运用造林成本法、碳税法和工业制氧法对稻田生态系统气体调节功能及其价值进行研究。研究表明:①稻田生态系统O2释放物理量变化范围为16518～38517kg·hm-2,其价值量也有相同的变化趋势,变化范围是6217～11873元·hm-2;②稻田生态系统对温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)调节基本上起着抑制作用,而不是促进作用,在水稻生育期内,稻田温室气体调节物理量的变化范围为-997～2787kgCO2-C·hm-2,价值量变化范围为-751～2098元·hm-2;③稻田生态系统气体调节功能的综合价值变化范围为5467～12842元·hm-2。可见,除了粮食生产和提供秸秆外,农田生态系统还为人类社会提供包括气体调节、养分转化、供观赏的景观等在内的服务功能,共同为人类福利服务。     

假单胞菌DN-1再生NO络合吸收液的特性

Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)络合吸收脱除NO吸收速率快,吸收容量大,但是存在吸收液再生方面的缺陷.实验用自行分离得到的假单胞菌DN-1,将吸收液中的Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO还原为N₂而进行再生.考察了不同碳源种类、碳源量、菌种量、pH值、温度、络合物浓度等条件下该菌种对Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO的还原情况.结果表明,葡萄糖比醋酸钠、柠檬酸三钠和乙醇等更适合于作为该体系的外加碳源.当Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO浓度为6.50 mmol·L^-1时,添加250 mg·L^-1的葡萄糖就能满足微生物的反应需要;DN-1还原适宜温度范围为40～45℃,适宜pH值为6.9～7.2;还原速率随菌体接种量的增多而加快;而Fe^Ⅱ(EDTA)NO浓度小于11.8 mmol·L^-1时,还原速率随着络合物浓度的增加而增加;超过这一浓度,还原速率不再随络合物浓度的增加而增加,反应速率基本不变.     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonswith supercritical fluid extractionand chromatography (SFE/SFC )

Ｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉｃａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｓｕｐｅｒｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｆｌｕｉｄｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｈｒｏｍａｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙ（ＳＦＥ／ＳＦＣ）ＹａｏＷｅｉｘｉ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅ...     

水质富营养化程度的人工神经网络决策模型

为了对水质富营养化程度进行综合评价,提出水质富营养化决策的人工神经网络模型,用此模型研究我国17个湖泊的富营养化状况,通过期望输出值的选取和对未知水体的评价原则充分体现了水质富营养化各等级之间的模糊性,正确地反映了水质富营养化作用的内部机理。     

基于盲数理论的城市表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价模型

基于环境健康风险评价系统多种不确定性共存的特点,将盲数引入健康风险评价中,构建了城市表土和灰尘重金属污染环境健康风险评价盲数模型,并提出了风险等级判别模式.同时,选取Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Cu、Ni和Cd为评价因子,将上述模型和方法应用于铜陵市表土和灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价,得到了致癌和非致癌风险的各种可能值及其相应的可信度.结果表明,7种重金属非致癌总风险盲数均值高达2.036,远超过安全阈值1.0;特别是As,仅由手-口直接摄取途径导致的非致癌风险均值就达1.438.总体上,7种重金属的非致癌风险均值大小排序为:As＞Cr＞Pb＞Cu＞Cd＞Ni＞Zn.就致癌风险来看,As经由手-口直接摄取途径的致癌风险相对最大,其均值为5.195 ×10-4,已远超过美国环保局(USEPA)推荐值上限1.0×10-4;皮肤接触途径的致癌风险相对也很高,均值为3.964×10-5,接近国际防辐射委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险值5.0×10-5.     

异养硝化/好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其在不同培养条件下产N_2O研究

以乙酰胺为唯一碳氮源分离纯化出2株既能异养硝化又能好氧反硝化的菌株XM1和HX2,革兰氏阴性,分别为链状杆菌和球状菌.在富集培养基中,菌株HX2产N2O量为XM1的76倍;两菌株均能分别以葡萄糖、甘露醇、酒石酸钠为唯一碳源进行生长;也可分别以硝酸钠和硫酸铵为唯一氮源进行硝化和反硝化作用,但菌株XM1生长速率快于HX2,且有较多的NO2-积累.部分长度的16S rDNA序列分析表明,菌株XM1与HX2的序列与Pseudomonas sp.具有99%的相似性,定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).两菌株27d反接种培养实验结果表明,在添加外源N的条件下,HX2菌株更适合在30%的土壤水分(WFPS)条件下生长,N2O产生量为(36.01±2.48)ng/g,为60%WFPS条件下N2O产生量的1.9倍;而菌株HX1则适合在60%的水分条件下生长,在该条件下几乎不产生N2O.     

Estimating realized and potential carbon storage benefits from reforestation and afforestation under climate change: a case study of the Qinghai spruce forests in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China

Greenhouse gas emission has been scientifically shown to be the primary cause of observed global climate change. The reduction of greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere deserves international attention. Aside from strategies to reduce emissions, increasing carbon (C) storage by forests has become an alternative method to lower carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels. The present study assesses the potential of C storage to decrease gas emission by restoring cleared and disturbed spruce (picea) forests in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. We first introduced and tested a new method for live aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation. We then used the method to define the relationship of AGB with topographic wetness index (TWI) and precipitation seasonality for total AGB estimation and quantification of the realized C storage in the live AGB of existing spruce forests. The same strategies were adopted to estimate the total AGB and the related potential C storage in the projected potential spruce forest distribution. A species distribution model was used, and the results showed that the AGB of the Qinghai spruce forests ranged between 2.30 and 4.96 Mg per plot (0.021 ha), i.e., 110 Mg ha^-1 to 236 Mg ha^-1). Actual total AGB was measured at 33 Tg, and C storage was 17.3 Tg in existing spruce forests. Potential total AGB and potential C storage were greater if the cleared and the potential C storage was ~50 Tg.     

环境优美乡镇建设探析——以米易县湾丘彝族乡创建省级环境优美乡镇为例

环境优美乡镇建设的根本目的是实现区域的可持续发展,一方面大力发展经济,合理开发利用资源;另一方面要防治社会经济活动的环境污染,保护生态环境,实现经济社会和生态环境的协调发展。文章以湾丘彝族乡创建省级优美乡镇为例,找出创建环境优美乡镇存在的薄弱环节,并结合湾丘彝族乡创建环境优美乡镇的有利条件与不利条件,从经济、技术、管理、宣传四个方面探析环境优美乡镇建设的对策,从而为环境优美乡镇的创建创造条件,为群众创造一个优美、舒适的人居环境。     

日照石臼扇贝养殖水域夏季污染调查分析

１９９８年７月中旬，山东省日照市东港区石臼扇贝养殖区出现养殖的栉孔扇贝大面积死亡。死亡顺序由岸边开始向里面蔓延；死亡程序岸边大于里面，介体大的大于个体小的。为弄清扇贝死亡的原因，１９９８年８月，进行了该水域的环境综合调查。本文报道了污染环境的调查结果，ＣＯＤ平均值为０．９８％ｍｇ／Ｌ；石油类为６．２７ｕｇ／Ｌ；挥发酚为１．６９ｕｇ／Ｌ；悬浮物为１０．６４ｍｇ／Ｌ；Ｃｕ为６．４０ｕｇ／Ｌ；Ｚｎ为９；